Enterovirus A, Human ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; virology ; Humans

Objective To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on stimulating high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) mRNA expression in peritoneal macrophages in rats and its potential signaling mechanism. Methods Abdominal macrophages obtained from male Wistar rats were seeded on 24-well (1?10 6 cells/well) tissue culture plates. The cells were incubated for 3 days before they were stimulated with LPS, fludarabine (specific inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, STAT1), or rapamycin (specific inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3). After being stimulated, macrophages were denatured directly in tissue culture plates to determine HMGB1 mRNA expression. The time-dependent and dose-dependent responses between LPS stimulation and HMGB1 mRNA expression were analyzed, and the effect of treatment with fludarabine and rapamycin on HMGB1 mRNA expression was also observed. Results After being stimulated with 75-100ng/ml LPS, the HMGB1 mRNA expressions in macrophages were up-regulated markedly, peaking at 24-36 hours, and remained elevated up to 48 hours. It was found that the HMGB1 mRNA expression was significantly inhibited by treatment with either fludarabine (100?mol/L) or rapamycin (25ng/ml). Conclusions These data suggest that LPS stimulation can result in up-regulation of HMGB1 mRNA expression in peritoneal macrophages in rats. Janus kinase/STAT pathway may be involved in modulating HMGB1 mRNA expression in LPS-activated macrophages.

Objective To investigate the expression of microRNA -126(miR -126)in the blood plasma in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR)and its possible mechanism.Methods 81 patients with DR,65 patients with type 2 diabetes and 50 healthy people (control group)were selected.The expression of miR -126 in plasma was detected by real -time PCR.The serum concentration of VEGF was detected by enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The correlations between variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.The value of miR -126 in predicting the occurrence of DR was analyzed by using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curves).Results The expressions of miR -126 in plasma in DR patients and type 2 diabetes were lower than the control group,which in DR patients was lower than the type 2 diabetes,the serum concentrations of VEGF in DR patients and type 2 diabe-tes were higher than the control group,which in DR patients was higher than the type 2 diabetes,the differences were statistically significant (all P <0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the expression of miR -126 in plasma was negatively correlated with the concentration of VEGF (r =-0.352,P <0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for expression level of miR -126 in predicting DR occurrence was 0.848 (95% CI:0.776 -0.919),when the expression level of miR -126 ≤0.47,the sensitivity was 83.1%,and specificity was 80.2%. Conclusion The expression of miR -126 in plasma in DR was reduced,while the serum level of VEGF was elevated.The miR -126 might through negatively regulated VEGF to regulate retinal angiogenesis.It expected to be blood indicators for early detecting DR.

Objective To investigate the changes of choroidal thickness in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP)and its effect on visual function.Methods 37 patients with RP(62 eyes)and 30 healthy volunteers(60 eyes) as the control group were selected.The subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)of eyes was detected by using optical coherence tomography(OCT)technology for enhanced depth imaging(EDI).The full -field ERG was performed,and the waveform changes of ERG were recorded.According to T32 or LVC program,the visual fields of RP eyes were examined,the mean sensitivity (MS),mean defect degree (MD)and loss variance (LV)were recorded.The correlations between variables were analyzed by using Pearson correlation analysis.Results The SFCT of RP patients was (218.7 ± 62.8)μm,which of the control group was (291.5 ±54.1)μm,covariance analysis showed that there was no interaction between age and group(F =1.574,P =0.213),compared the two groups,the difference was statistically significant (t =7.347,P <0.001).The ERG latency of RP patients was longer than that of the control group,and the amplitude was lower than the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P <0.05 ).Among 62 eyes in BP patients,the light adaptation response waveforms of 26 eyes reduced,36 eyes had no waveform,there was no difference between SFCT in the waveform reduced and no waveform (P >0.05 ).The dark adaptation response waveform of 23 eyes reduced,39 eyes had no waveform,there was no difference between SFCT in the waveform reduced and no waveform(P >0.05).24 eyes accepted T32 program examined,the MD,MS,LV and SFCT were (19.6 ±6.1)dB, (10.3 ±5.2)dB,(33.9 ±14.9)dB2 and (212.9 ±69.8)μm,respectively.Pearson correlation analysis showed that the SFCT of eyes was negatively correlated with MD and LV(r =-0.502 and -0.687,all P <0.05),while was positively correlated with MS (r =0.551,P =0.005).38 eyes accepted LVC program examined,the MS and SFCT were (7.4 ±4.9)dB and (229.3 ±64.7)μm.Pearson correlation analysis showed that the SFCT of eyes was not correlated with MS (r =0.108,P =0.519).Conclusion The SFCT of RP patients is significantly reduced.But it is not related with the changes of full -field ERG waveform.The correlation with visual field examination is affected by eye condition of central vision.When central vision has less damage,SFCT can reflect central visual photographic ability.

Objective To explore the changes of serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its clinical significances.Methods 148 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) were divided into diabetic group (T2DM group,n =54),non-proliferative DR group (NDR group,n =49) and proliferative DR group(PDR group,n =45).In the same period,45 healthy subjects were selected as the control group.The clinical data were collected.The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were detected.The clinical values of serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in predicting the progression of DR were analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve(ROC curve).Results The levels of TC in the PDR group,NDR group and T2DM group were higher than that in the control group[(5.4 ± 0.6) mmoL/L,(5.6 ± 0.8) mmol/L,(4.6 ± 0.6) mmol/L,F =15.376,P ＜ 0.001].The duration of disease,FPG,HbA1 c,TG,LDL-C in the PDR group were higher than those in the NDR group and T2DM group[(12.4 ±2.9)d,(8.2 ±2.1)d,(5.6 ± 1.7) d,F =109.167,P ＜0.001;(10.4 ±2.4) mmol/L,(9.2 ± 0.9) mmol/L,(7.6 ± 1.1) mmol/L,(4.6 ± 0.7) mmol/L,F =86.294,P ＜ 0.001;(11.1 ±1.9) ％,(9.9 ±2.1)％,(7.8 ±0.5)％,(5.5 ± 0.4)％,F =153.854,P ＜0.001;(2.6 ±0.7) mmol/L,(2.5 ±0.5) mmol/L,(1.9-± 0.4) mmol/L,(1.6 ± 0.3) mmol/L,F =38.694,P ＜ 0.001;(4.4 ± 0.8) mmol/L,(3.8 ±0.9) mmol/L,(3.1 ±0.7) mmol/L,(2.4 ±0.5) mmol/L,F =87.261,P ＜0.001],and NDR group ＞ T2DM group ＞the control group,The level of HDL-C in the PDR group were was lower than those in the NDR group,T2DM group and the control group,and NDR group ＜ T2DM group ＜ the control group,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in the PDR group were higher than those in the NDR group,T2DM group and the control group [(0.92 ± 0.13) ng/mL,(0.64 ± 0.11) ng/mL,(0.47 ± 0.09) ng/mL,(0.31 ±0.07) ng/mL,F =317.850,P ＜ 0.001;(315.74 ± 52.38) pg/mL,(223.49 ± 45.17) pg/mL,(146.35 ± 41.86) pg/mL,(81.07 ± 37.54)pg/mL,F =266.606,P ＜ 0.001],which of the NDR group were higher than the T2DM group and the control group,those of T2DM group were higher than the control group,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were positively correlated with disease duration,HbAlc and LDL-C (r =0.276,0.314,0.384 and 0.304,0.335,0.416,all P ＜0.05),while serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were negatively correlated with HDL-C (r =-0.314 and -0.287,all P ＜ 0.05).The ROC curve showed that the serum levels of TGF-β1 in predicting the progression of DR,the area under the curve was 0.964(95％ CI:0.931 ～0.998),when the cutoff value of TGF-β1 was 0.78ng/mL,the sensitivity was 91.1％,and the specificity was 91.8 ％,and for the serum levels of IL-6,the area under the curve was 0.913 (95 ％ CI:0.855 ～ 0.972),when the cutoff value of IL-6 was 280.45 pg/mL,the sensitivity was 80.0％,and the specificity was 91.8％.Conclusion The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in patients with DR are increased,and are correlated with the progression of the disease.They can be used as indicators to assess the progression of patients with disease.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of compound ocimum oil oral suspension in the treatment of children with acute diarrhea(Piweixure Syndrome).Methods 382 children with acute diarrhea(Piweixure Syndrome) were selected for the multi center and open clinical trial.All patients was treated by compound ocimum oil oral suspension based on age and weight,6 months below 3mL thrice a day,6-＜ 12months 5mL thrice a day,12-＜24 months 10mL thrice a day,24 months upper 20-40 mL thrice a day.The course was three days.The efficacy and safety was observed.Results The total efficiency was 93.98％,there were 274 cases with marked effect and 85 case with effective in analysis on clinical efficacy.There were significant differences between before and after therapy on symptoms and signs as defecation frequency,defecation characters and defecation disesthesia (x2 =467.43,524.51,263.03,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Compound ocimum oil oral ouspension in the treatment of children with acute diarrhea(Piweixure Syndrome) has definite effect and safety.It would be applied to clinical wildly with advantages as shorten the course,decreased diarrhea times and improved clinical symptoms.

Objective To evaluate the intraoperative opioid?sparing effect of different duration transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation ( TEAS ) in video?assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy. Methods Seventy?five patients, aged 18-64 yr, weighing 40-96 kg, of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, scheduled for elective video?assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy under general anesthesia, were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=25 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), 30 min of stimulation before induction of anesthesia group ( group B) , and stimulation throughout surgery ( group T) . In group B, the patients received TEAS ( frequency 2∕100 Hz ) on acupoints Xinshu ( BL15 ) , Feishu (BL13), Neiguan (PC6), Hegu (LI4) on the operated side starting from 30 min before induction of anesthesia until the beginning of induction, and the intensity was the maximum current that could be tolerated. The intensity for Neiguan ( PC6) and Hegu ( LI4) was 6-12 mA, and for Xinshu ( BL15) and Feishu ( BL13 ) was 9-18 mA. In group T, the patients received TEAS on the four acupoints mentioned above starting from 30 min before induction of anesthesia until the end of surgery. The patients had the electrodes applied, but received no stimulation in group C. After anesthesia was induced with propofol?sufentanil?cisatracurium, double lumen endotracheal tube was inserted. Propofol was given by target?controlled infusion to maintain BIS value within the range of 40-60. Cisatracurium was infused continuously to facilitate muscle relaxation. The infusion rate of remifentanil was adjusted to maintain analgesia nociception index value within the range of 50-70. The intraoperative consumption of remifentanil ( the intraoperative consumption of sufentanil was converted to the consumption of remifentanil producing the equivalent effect by 1∶ 10) was recorded. Results Compared with group C, the intraoperative consumption of remifentanil was significantly decreased in B and T groups. The intraoperative consumption of remifentanil was significantly lower in group T than in group B. Conclusion TEAS on Xinshu ( BL15 ) , Feishu (BL13), Neiguan ( PC6) and Hegu acupoints throughout surgery and for 30 min before induction of anesthesia significantly reduces intraoperative opioid consumption in the patients undergoing video?assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy, while TEAS throughout surgery provides better effect.

Objective To measure neuro-biochemical changes in brain of first episode major depression (MD) patients. Methods Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic (1H-MRS) examination of bilateralis frontal lobe and hippocampus was conducted in 21 first episode major depression patients and 21 age-, sex-and education-matched healthy controls. After this, major depression patients took selectivity serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for three months. Then, we examined the changes in NAA, Cho, Cr, Glx and mI in bilaterlis frontal lobe and hippocampus of patients. Finally, we compared the metabolism of the subjects with that of the controls. Results ① Bilateralis frontal lobe NAA/Cr, right frontal lobe Glx/Cr and left hippocampus NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr were significantly lower in MD patients than in the controls, but right frontal lobe and right hippocampus mI/Cr significantly were higher than those in controls. ② After treatment left frontal lobe and left hippocampus NAA/Cr significantly increased compared with pretherapy. Right frontal lobe mI/Cr significantly decreased. Conclusion Nerve cell activity disorder, abnormal second messenger and glutamicacid and glutamine may be involved in the pathogenesis of MD. Antidepressant can regulate abnormal metabolism and improve nerve cell activity.

ObjectiveTo investigate the applicability and superiority of modified Seldinger technique (MST).MethodsTotally 108 patients receiving peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) through vascular ultrasound combined with MST technology were enrolled as MST group and another 108 patients receiving PICC using traditional direct vision method as control group.The first puncture success rate,PICC succesa rate,catheterization time required,and early complication rate were compared between these two groups.ResultsThe first puncture success rate was 88.89％ in MST group and 72.22％ in control group (P=0.002) ; the catheterization success rate was 82.41％ in MST group and 57.41％ in control group ( P =0.000).In the MST group,there were two cases where the catheter within neck was ectopic ( P =0.003 ),two cases experienced bleeding at the puncture sites (P =0.017),three cases had phlebitis (P =0.001 ),and one case suffered from catheter blockage (P=0.010).In the eontrol group,the corresponding numbers were 13,10,18,and 9.However,the time required for PICC showed no significant difference between these two groups (P=0.685).In the MST group,15 cases were catheterized in less than 15 minutes,72 cases between 15 and 25 minutes,and 21 cases for more than 25 minutes.In the control group,12 cases were catheterized in less than 15 minutes,70 cases between 15 and 25 minutes,and 26 cases for more than 25 minutes.ConclusionPICC through MST can be more effective in positioning the targeting blood vessels,increasing the success rate of catheter insertion,reducing various tissue damages,and lowering potential complications.