Animals ; Cloning, Organism ; Drug Design ; Embryo, Mammalian ; cytology ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; therapy ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells ; physiology

Microbial is a renewable resource which can produce polysaccharide. Its unique physiological activities and broad applications are attracting increasing attention. In this article, the source and the fermenta- tion conditions of microbial polysaccharide was reviewed, with a view to provide a scientific basis for the production of the microbial polysaccharide.

BACKGROUND: Stem cells are still controversial for the treatment of old myocardial infarction. Multimodal imaging evaluation is one of the key points in the study of stem cell transplantation, which can evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell transplantation from the perspective of molecular imaging. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with different stem cell transplantation in patients with old myocardial infarction using multimodal imaging technology. METHODS: Sixty patients with old myocardial infarction were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups to receive CABG, CABG+autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation (CABG+BMC) or CABG+autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (CABG+PBSC), respectively. All the patients were scanned with gated PET/CT (13N-NH3?H2O/18F-FDG), echocardiography and coronary angiography at different time points orderly (at baseline, 1, 12 and 24 months after treatment). We compared the degree of coronary stenosis (%), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), percentage of defect size with myocardial perfusion/metabolic abnormal radioactive distribution (A) and the ratio of defect area (R).RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of survival myocardial segments, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for the gated PET/CT were 92.1%, 85.6%, 93.4% and 78.4%, respectively. After the above treatments, the extent of coronary stenosis decreased significantly in the three groups (P < 0.05), which was improved most at 1 month after treatment (P < 0.05). In the CABG+BMC and CABG+PBSC groups, the LVEF value increased significantly after treatment (P < 0.05). In the CABG+BMC group, the A value decreased significantly at 1 and 24 months after treatment as compared with the baseline (P < 0.05), and the A value was further decreased, indicating a significant difference at 12 and 24 months after treatment (P < 0.05). In the CABG+BMC group, the R value significantly decreased at 1 month after treatment compared with the baseline (P=0.019). To conclude, the multimodal imaging is better to evaluate the prognosis of patients undergoing CABG with different stem cell transplantation, which is beneficial for the selection of treatment and therapeutic evaluation in myocardial infarction patients. CABG combined with stem cell transplantation can improve the left ventricular function of patients in a short time, and CABG+BMC is superior to CABG+PBSC to improve the survived myocardial function in patients.

Objective To analyze the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC)on endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated HepG2 cells apoptosis and evaluate the role of NAC in the treatment of liver injury.Methods HepG2 cells were treated with thapsigargin(TG)to establish the model of oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated apoptosis,and NAC was used to intervene in apoptosis.To evaluate the apoptosis,various methods such as MTT assay,flow cytometry,DNA ladder and Western blot were performed.Results After treated with 2 μmol/L TG for 0,24,36 and 48 hours,the vitality of HepG2 cells decreased.The ratio of apoptotic cells increased along with the prolonged treatment duration of TG(0.7%±0.5%,27.6%±6.3%,29.7%±3.3%,47.9%±3.5% respectively,P<0.05),and the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)also increased in time-dependent manner(14.0%±0.5%,36.1%±3.0%,38.2%±6.0%,48.3%±12.4%,P<0.05).The HepG2 cells showed typical morphologic change of endoplasmic retieulum stress induced by 2 μmol/L TG after 36 h and 48 h.DNA ladder was observed at the same concentration and time point correspondingly.Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated-apoptosis was confirmed by Western blot.Both 10 mmol/L and 20 mmol/L NAC could protect ceils from apoptosis.The ratio of apoptotic cells decreased to 14.0%±1.3% and 11.0%±0.3%,respectively.The production of ROS decreased to 34.7%±0.8% and 31.5%±2.9%,respectively.The effect was related to the concentration of NAC.Conclusions As a Ca2+-adenosine triphoshatase inhibitor,TG may disrupt intracellular calcium homeostasis,which can induce endoplasmie reticulum stress and apoptosis.NAC,the precursor of the synthesis of-SH,can directly inhibit the ROS reaction and alleviate liver damage,which may play a role in the treatment of liver failure.

s:The chemical constituents of gliocladium roseum(called Y)accelerating the growth of famous medicin al plant Anoectochilus roxburghiiwas studied.Five comp ounds were separated by silica gel column chromatograph from this fungal mycelia and their structures were elu cidated by the data of IR,NMR,UV and MS.Compound I was 6,22-diene-3-hydroxy- 5,8-epidioxy ergosta,compound 2 is ergosterol,compound 3 is D-arabitol and com pound 4 is mannitol.

A 2,4 -dichlorophenol degrading Pseudomonas strain GI241-1 was isolated from a soil sample. The dienelactone hydrolase gene, designated as dcpD which encodes dienelactone hydrolase involved in transforming cis-2-chloro-dienelactone into 2-chloromaleylacetic acid, was cloned from this bacterium strain. The gene cloning strategy was to construct genomic library after location of its neighbouring gene by Southem blot and to screen the aim transformant by dot blotting. Sequencing results showed that length of dcpD is 702bp. The sequence of dcpD and the deduced amino acid are different from the relative sequences registered in the GenBank.

Objective To investigate whether cotransplant with xenogenetic neonatal porcine Sertoli cells (NPSCs) could prolong rat islet allograft survival and its mechanisms.Methods 1500 islets equivalent quantity (IEQ) and 1×10~7 NPSCs were implanted under renal capsule of diabetic Wistar rats.Islets implanted alone were used as control group (n=6);islets co-transplanted with NPSCs under left renal capsule of recipients served as experimental group (n=6);meanwhile,islets and NPSCs implanted into the different sides of kidneys were used as another control grouP(n=4).Blood glucose level was measured everyday.The graft-bearing kidneys at the time of rejection were Results Co-transplantation with NPSCs to the same site significantly prolonged islet allograft survival (mean survive time,16.3±1.4 days vs.5.7±1.0 days in islet transplant alone control group,P<0.05).In contrast,transplantation with NPSCs and islets separately did not prolong the islet allograft survival (5.3±0.5 days).HE staining showed plenty of local infiltrated lymphocytes in the transplanted site of the eontrol group.which were demonstrated as mainly CD3+ T cells by immunopathology.The local expression of Bcl-2 was markedly elevated in co-transplantation group as compared with the other 2 groups,while there were no significant differences in the HO-1 expression among these groups.Conclusion Co-transplantation with xenogenic NPSCs can significantly prolong islet allograft survival in rats.The immunoprotective mechanism may be associateel with the inhibition of lymphocyte infiltration and the enhancement of the local expression of protective gene Bcl-2.

BACKGROUNDTarget-controlled infusion (TCI) has been recently developed and successfully implemented in clinical practice. The current study was to estimate the population pharmacokinetics of rocuronium TCI in adult patients using nonlinear mixed-effects model (NONMEM), and to investigate the influence of relevant factors in adult patients.

METHODSFourteen ASA I-II patients undergoing elective laparoscopy operation with general anesthesia were included. After induction, all patients received rocuronium by TCI system. The beginning target plasma concentration (Cpt) was 2.0 µg/ml, then increased Cpt according to the neuromuscular transmission monitoring. The endpoint of Cpt was determined when the T₁ scale was blocked by 90% - 95%. TCI rocuronium was stopped 30 minutes before the end of the operation. Arterial blood was drawn before anesthesia at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes after the infusion of rocuronium was stopped for the analysis of plasma concentrations of rocuronium by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The population pharmacokinetics analysis was performed using NONMEM program.

RESULTSThe pharmacokinetics of TCI rocuronium in adult patients was best described by a three-compartment model. Pharmacokinetic parameters were clearance (CL)₁ = 0.205 L/min, CL₂ = 0.324 L/min, CL₃ = 0.0292 L/min, volumes of distribution (V)₁ = 4.00 L, V₂ = 2.28 L, V₃ = 4.26 L, Vdss = 10.54 L. Both age and weight as covariates affected the pharmacokinetic parameters. V₁ and CL₁ were negatively correlated with patient age. CL₁ was positively correlated with weight.

CONCLUSIONSNo pharmacokinetic change was noted when rocuronium was administered via TCI. Both age and weight as covariates affected the pharmacokinetic parameters.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Androstanols ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Female ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDRecently, the combination of sevoflurane and remifentanil has been widely used in general anesthesia. In this study, we investigated the sevoflurane-remifentanil pharmacodynamic interactions at clinical concentrations using the observer's assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) and the bispectral index (BIS) by response surface analysis.

METHODSTotally 65 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I patients age 20 to 50 years old were included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to be anesthetized with different target end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations that ranged from 0.2% to 3.4% in increments of 0.2%. The end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was maintained constant throughout the study. Remifentanil was infused with a target controlled infusion (TCI) system at increasing step-wise concentrations from 1 ng/ml to 10 ng/ml. The values of OAA/S and BIS at different sevoflurane-remifentanil concentration combinations were measured. The pharmacodynamic interactions between sevoflurane and remifentanil were analyzed by a response surface method. The three-dimensional response surfaces were constructed with Minitab Software. Model parameters were estimated with NONMEM program.

RESULTSSevoflurane and remifentanil acted synergistically on OAA/S. Sevoflurane alone could produce OAA/S ≤ 1 at a minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of 0.93%. When used in combination with remifentanil at 1, 3, 6, and 10 ng/ml, the corresponding sevoflurane MACs were reduced to 0.79%, 0.58%, 0.48%, and 0.38%, with reductions of 17.2%, 37.6%, 48.4%, and 62.0% from baseline, respectively. In patients administered remifentanil alone, the OAA/S score was ≥ 3 even when the remifentanil concentration reached 10 ng/ml. BIS was closely associated with the sevoflurane concentration and the remifentanil concentration did not noticeably influence the relationship between the sevoflurane concentration and BIS. A sevoflurane concentration of (1.04 ± 0.19)% to (1.81 ± 0.21)% could maintain a BIS between 60 and 40.

CONCLUSIONSThe response surface method can analyze the pharmacodynamic interactions between remifentanil and sevoflurane qualitatively and quantitatively. Within the range of our study (remifentanil ≤ 10 ng/ml, sevoflurane ≤ 3.4%), the two drugs produced synergistic effects on OAA/S but had no interactive effect on BIS. A guideline of BIS between 40 and 60 may cause excessive anesthesia when opioids are used to maintain anesthesia.

Adult ; Anesthesia ; methods ; Consciousness ; drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methyl Ethers ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Middle Aged ; Piperidines ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo determine the equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D in different solvents and its n-octanol/water partition coefficients.

METHODCombining shaking flask method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect the n-octanol/water partition coefficients of pulchinenosiden D, the equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D in six organic solvents and different pH buffer solution were determined by HPLC analysis.

RESULTn-Octanol/water partition coefficients of pulchinenosiden D in different pH were greater than zero, the equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D was increased with increase the pH of the buffer solution. The maximum equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D was 255.89 g x L(-1) in methanol, and minimum equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D was 0.20 g x L(-1) in acetonitrile.

CONCLUSIONUnder gastrointestinal physiological conditions, pulchinenosiden D exists in molecular state and it has good absorption but poor water-solubility, so increasing the dissolution rate of pulchinenosiden D may enhance its bioavailability.

1-Octanol ; chemistry ; Acetonitriles ; chemistry ; Biological Availability ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intestinal Absorption ; Kinetics ; Methanol ; chemistry ; Pulsatilla ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Solvents ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry