Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure ; statistics & numerical data ; Pesticides ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Sampling Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and the resistance of pathogens from the children with VAP in PICU,and to analyze the reasons of antibiotics resistance of the pathogens.METHODS The sputum obtained from the children with final diagnosis of VAP in PICU was cultured and identified from Jan 2005 to Dec 2006.The resistance of the bacteria identified to antibiotics used frequently was determined by Kirby-Bauer method.RESULTS A total of 187 strains were isolated from sputum specimens,of which Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci accounted for 76.5% and 23.5%,respectively.Acinetobacter baumannii(17.7%),Escherichia coli(16.0%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(15.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae(13.9%) were the most frequently isolates of Gram-negative bacilli.Their resistant rates to ?-lactam antibiotics were high,especially the ESBLs-producing strains in E.coli and K.pneumoniae.The Staphylococcus epidermidis(5.9%),Staphylococcus aureus(4.8%) and Enterococcus faecalis(4.3%) were the most common strains of Gram-positive cocci.No vancomycin-resistanct strains were found,but resistance rates to ?-lactam antibiotics and other antibiotics were high in S.epidermidis and S.aureus.CONCLUSIONS The main strains cultured from the sputum specimens of children with VAP in PICU are Gram-negative bacilli with high resistance rates to antibiotics,especially the ESBLs producing bacilli to ?-lactam antibiotics.Staphylococcus are the main Gram-positive cocci.

Objective To explore continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT) machine for plasma exchange in critical disease in children.Methods Retrospective study of 8 patients(8 month to 14 years,mean 5.7 years) and 32 plasma exchange treatments,after(adowble) lumen catheter inserted into the subclayian venous,using the Baxter BM25 machine with commercially available plasma filters.Results Five patients(3 ABO-incompatibility in bone marrow transplantation,1 thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura TTP,1 sepsis) gained full recovery.One systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) and 1 sepsis experienced moderate improvement while 1 case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis failed PE treatment.The average total exchange volume was 80-100 mL/kg,achieved at a blood flow rate of 5-10 mL/(kg?min) and a turnover rate of 60-120 mL/(kg?h) over a 3-hours duration.Thirty-one PE treatments were finished smoothly,one of which experienced the serious complication involving plasma filter.Conclusion Plasma exchange therapy is a safe and effective procedure for severe autoimmune abnormalities and pathogen removal in children.

To study the effect of Fuzheng Huayu recipe (FZHY) on five types of isozymes of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) of normal and liver fibrosis rats by using the cocktail probe method. Dimethylnitrosamine ( DMN) was injected to induce the liver fibrosis model. After the tail vein injection with Cocktail probe solutions prepared with five CYP450s probe substrates (phenacetin-CYP1A2, omeprazole-CYP2C9, tolbutamide-CYP2C19, dextromethorphan-CYP2D6, midazolam-CYP3A4), the plasma concentrations of the five probe substrates were determined by LC-MS/MS, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by PK solutions 2. After the oral administration with FZHY, normal rats given phenacetin, omeprazole, tolbutamide and dextromethorphan showed increase in AUC(0-t) and decrease in CL to varying degrees, indicating that FZHY obviously inhibited the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in normal rats, but with no obvious effect on the activity of CYP3A4. After the oral administration with FZHY, liver fibrosis rats treated with CYP2C9 showed the significant increase in AUC(0-t) and significant decrease in Vd, hut with no obvious changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of other four types of prove substances, suggesting that FZHY could significantly inhibit the activity of CYP2C9 in rats but had no effect on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. The changes in the activity of CYP450 isozymes in liver fibrosis rats may be the reason for FZHY's different effects on CYP450 isozymes in normal and liver fibrosis rats.
Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; genetics ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; genetics ; metabolism ; Liver Cirrhosis ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Objective:To investigate the association between glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) gene polymorphism and toxici-ties related to high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods:GSTP1 genotypes and allelic frequencies in 51 children with ALL were determined by Nest PCR, denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE), and DNA sequencing. HD-MTX adverse reactions were analyzed using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCICTC). Results:We identified three SNPs of GSTP1, including rs1695 (A313G), rs1138272 (G439T), and rs4891 (T555C). The wild types, het-erozygous types, and homozygous types of GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 polymorphisms were detected in 32 cases (62.7%), 16 cases (31.4%), and 3 cases (5.9%), respectively. GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 polymorphisms included only one heterozygous type and one homozygous type. The allele frequencies of the three SNPs were 21.6%, 2.9%, and 21.6%. The AG+GG/TC+CC genotype of GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 was associated with decrease in the odds of peripheral hemoglobin (OR=0.25, 95%CI=0.06-1.00, P=0.049). The AG+GG/TC+CC genotype of GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 in standard and intermediate-risk ALL children was significantly correlated with higher odds of gastrointesti-nal toxicity (OR=0.125, 95%CI=0.02-0.78, P=0.026). Conclusion:GSTP1 rs1695 (A313G)/rs4891 (T555C) gene polymorphism is as-sociated with the reduction of peripheral hemoglobin in ALL children and with the odds of gastrointestinal toxicity in standard and inter-mediate-risk ALL children who receive high-dose methotrexate.

Objective To explore the influence of G4 cyberknife treatment of large hepatocellular car-cinoma on liver function,and to evaluate its treatment safety.Methods Sixty-three large liver cancer patients treated with routine G4 cyberknife treatment were retrospectively analyzed,and then statistical analysis of the difference in liver function before and after treatment was conducted.Results After G4 cyberknife treatment of 1 2 months,the levels of ALT,ALP,TBIL,PA were respectively 23.00 U /L,1 1 1 .00 U /L,1 3.70 μmol/L, (81 .87 ±1 3.94)%.Compared with the levels before treatment [28.00 U /L,32.00 U /L,1 1 .30 μmol/L, (86.07 ±1 4.07)%],there were no signi-ficant differences found (Z =-1 .677,P =0.094;Z =-0.504, P =0.61 4;Z =-1 .945,P =0.053;t =1 .271 ,P =0.21 3).The level of ambumin was (34.84 ±4.75)g/L at 1 2 months after treatment,which decreased and the difference compared with the level before treatment [(37.45 ±4.1 4)g/L]was significant (t =3.357,P =0.002).The Child-Pugh grade was 5.80 ±1 .1 7 respectively at the time points of 1 2 months after treatment,and no significant difference was found compared with the Child-Pugh grade before treatment (5.48 ±0.81 ,t =-1 .668,P =0.1 06).Conclusion G4 cyberknife treatment does not cause liver injury.It is safe and reliable in large liver cancer treatment.So,it is worth widely clinical popularizing.

Objective To probe the effects of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-?B) on cell apoptosis and left ventricular segmental function in acute ischemia repeffusion in dogs.Method Twenty-four dogs were randomly divided into three groups:without left anterior artery (lAD) ligation group (C group),LAD was occluded 30 min following reperfusion 120 minutes in isehemical reperfusion group (IR group),and dogs were administered with PDTC before LAD ligation in ischemical reperfusion plus pyorrole dithitocarbamate group (PDTC group).The left ventricular segmental function was detected by echo cardiography using strain rate anlysis software.EF measured by Simpson's method.Cardiac myocyte apoptosis numbers were determined by terminal deoxynudeotidy transferease-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL).lmmunohistochemistry and western-blot anylysis of NF-?B protein expression.Results NF-?B was obviously expression on injury myocardium of IR group,and increased significantly in contrast to control group (P0.05)Conclusions NF-?B might play an important role in acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion.PDTC reduces myocardial iscbemia/repeffasion injury by preventing expression of factor NF-?B.

Objective To evaluate the image quality of 64-multi detector computed tomography (MDCT)and the clinical accuracy in detecting coronary artery lesions.Methods One hundred and five patients were studied by MDCT.The results were compared with invasive coronary angiography(ICA). Patients were excluded for atrial fibrillation,but not for high heart rate,coronary calcification,or obesity. MDCT was analyzed with regard to image quality and presence of coronary artery lesions.Results The data evaluation of the image quality was based on a total of 1365 segments(13 coronary segments for each patient),of which 1144 segments were considered to have diagnostic image quality,but 221 segments (16.2%)could not be sufficiently evaluated because of severe calcifications(153 segments)and motion artifacts(68 segments).The median calcium score[Agatston score equivalent(ASE)]was 154(range 0—1983).87 of the 105 patients had an ASE of less than 1,000[median 105(range 0—994)],and 18 patients had an ASE greater than 1000[median 1477(range 1115—1983)].For detecting lesions with 50% or greater narrowing(without any exclusion criteria),the overall sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value were 85.7%,97.9%,93.0%,and 95.5%,respectively. When limiting the number of patients to those with a calcium score of less than 1000 ASE,the threshold- corrected sensitivity for lesions with 50% or greater narrowing was 96.0%;specificity,98.9%;positive predictive value,95.3%;and negative predictive value,99.0%.Conclusion Our results indicate high quantitative and qualitative diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice MSCT in comparison to QCA in a broad spectrum of patients.

Nitrobenzene is one of the toxic compounds. Much work had focused on biodegradation of it sofar. Two main pathways for nitrobenzene biodegradation, oxidative and partial reductive pathways, were reviewed in this article. The mechanism of these pathways including involved enzymes and genes was introduce in details. Comparative analysis of the pathways would provide basis for the development and application of biodegradation technology for nitrobenzene and other organic pollutants.

A rapid, sensitive and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of clevidipine butyrate and its primary metabolite clevidipine acid in dog blood. After one-step protein precipitation with methanol, the chromatographic separation was carried out on an Ecosil C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol and 5 mmol · L(-1) ammonium formate. A chromatographic total run time of 13.0 min was achieved. The quantitation analysis was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) at the specific ion transitions of m/z 454.1 [M-H]- --> m/z 234.1 for clevidipine butyrate, m/z 354.0 [M-H]- --> m/z 208.0 for clevidipine acid and m/z 256.1 [M-H]- --> m/z 227.1 for elofesalamide (internal standard, IS) in the negative ion mode with electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The linear calibration curves for clevidipine butyrate and clevidipine acid were obtained in the concentration ranges of 0.5-100 ng · mL and 1-200 ng · mL(-1), separately. The lower limit of quantification of clevidipine butyrate and clevidipine acid were 0.5 ng · mL(-1) and 1 ng · mL(-1). The intra and inter-assay precisions were all below 12.9%, the accuracies were all in standard ranges. Stability testing indicated that clevidipine butyrate and clevidipine acid in dog blood with the addition of denaturant methanol was stable under various processing and/or handling conditions. The validated method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of clevidipine butyrate injection to 8 healthy Beagle dogs following intravenous infusion at a flow rate of 5 mg · h(-1) for 0.5 h.
Animals ; Butyrates ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Calibration ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Dogs ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Pyridines ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry