ObjectiveTo explore the relationship of organizational factors with occupational burnout among doctors. Method740 doctors were assessed by CMBI, Job Demands and Decision Latitude scale, Distributive and Procedural Justice scale, Cross-Culture Role Conflict, Ambiguity, and Overload scale, Work Interference With Family and Family Interference With Work scale, Social Support scale. ResultsHierarchical multiple regression indicated that 27.8% variance of doctors' Emotional Exhaustion(EE), 36.8% variance of Depersonalization(Dp), 21.0% variance of Reduced Personal Accomplishment(RPA) were explained by Organizational factors. Work Interference with family, role conflict, work-family conflict, distributive justice and workload can significantly predict EE(Standardized β was 0.204, 0.102, 0.249,-0.109,0.093); Family interference with work, role ambiguity, family support, procedural justice and workload can significantly predict Dp(Standardized β was 0.506,0.192,-0.122,0.105,-0.068); Role ambiguity, family support, job control, work Interference with family and superior support can significantly predict RPA(Standardized β was 0.245,-0.179,-0.172,-0.106,-0.069). ConclusionOrganizational factors have significantly effect on doctor's burnout, especially work-family conflict and role character.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of occupational burnout of psychiatrists,and explore its organi-zational factors.Methods:106 psychiatrists were assessed by CMBI,Job Demands and Decision Latitude scale,Distributive and Procedural Justice scale,Cross-Culture Role Conflict,Ambiguity,and Overload scale,Work Interference with Family and Family Interference with Work scale,Social Support scale.Results:Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that work interference with family,role conflict,workload and role ambiguity could significantly predict emotional exhaustion;family interference with work could significantly predict depersonalization;colleague support and role ambiguity could significantly predict reduced personal accomplishment.Conclusion:Status of reduced personal accomplishment of psychiatrists is serious.Occupational burnout has particular related factors.

Objective To explore the relationships among personality,coping style and clinicians' job burnout.Methods 1569 clinicians were investigated with Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory,Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Simple Coping Style Questionnaire.The data were performed with regression and path analysis.Results The proportion of burnout was 72.4％,the proportion of slight burnout was 36.5 ％,the proportion of moderate burnout was 31.2％ and the proportion of high burnout was 4.7％.When taking demographic variables into consideration,more introvert and neuroticism indicated increasing tendency of emotional exhaustion.More psychoticism,neuroticism and negative coping style indicated increasing tendency of depersonalization and more introvert and negative coping style indicated increasing of reduced personal accomplishment.Coping style could partly mediate the relationship between personality and job burnout.Conclusion Chinese clinicians suffer from burnout severely,coping styles mediate between the personality factors and the burnout level.

Objective To investigate the status of occupational burnout among general practitioners (GPs) and explore the relationship between coping style and burnout. Methods 243 GPs were assessed by Chinese Maslach burnout inventory(CMBI) and simple coping style questionnaire. Results 36.6% of GPs experienced mild burnout, 26.8% moderate burnout, and 3.3% severe burnout; 11.5% of GPs got high scores on emotional exhaustion(EE), 44.9% subjects got high scores on depersonalization(Dp) and 43.6% subjects got high scores on reduced personal accomplishment (RPA). Male GPs experienced greater personal accomplishment than female. Among technical post, subjects with senior technical post scored higher on Dp. The condition of occupational burnout among subjects in north Jiangsu was more serious. GPs with seniority of 5 to 9 years seemed to be more prone to occupational burnout. The coping style of GPs had obvious correlation with occupational burnout. Conclusion The status of occupational burnout among GPs is serious. To prevent and cure occupational burnout, more attention should be paid to female, senior technical post GPs and'persons with seniority of 5 to 9 years. And taking positive coping style can reduce GPs' occupational burnout.

Objective To investigate the current situation of occupational burnout of doctors in west China and to explore the relationships among burnout,social support and work-family conflicts.Methods 611 doctors in west China were assessed by Chinese Maslach burnout inventory( CMBI),social support rating scale(SSRS) and work-interference-with-family and family-interference-with-work questionnaire.Results 14.1％ of the doctors in west China got high scores on emotional exhaustion(EE),49.4％ of them high scores on depersonalization(DP) and 33.1％ high scores on reduced personal accomplishment (RPA) ; 27.3％ experienced mild burnout,43.7％ moderate burnout and 3.3％ severe burnout.Doctors who had worked for 5 ～ 10 years and those for 11 ～ 20 years experienced greater EE.Those doctors with bachelor or master degree and intermediate or senior titles got highest level of depersonalization.Doctors in second-class hospitals got highest scores of depersonalization,and those who worked in first-class hospital experienced the highest sense of achievement.Logistic regression analysis showed that social support was a protective factor for burnout,but the conflict between work and family was a risk factor.Conclusion The status of occupational burnout among the doctors in west China is in a grave condition,the balance between family and work,and social supporting is crucial for doctors to resist the occupational burnout.

Objective To evaluate the kinetics of peripheral blood cells in DTC patients before and after 131I treatment.Methods A total of 64 patients were divided into 2 groups with different therapeutic doses:high-dose group (3.70-5.55 GBq,n =24) and low-dose group (1.11 GBq,n =40).The WBC,neutrophils (NEUT),lymphocytes (LY),RBC and PLT were counted before operation,before 131I treatment,and on 3 d and 7 d after 131I treatment.One-way analysis of variance and two-sample t test were used to analyze the data.Results The counts of WBC and NEUT in both groups along with the LY in high-dose group varied significantly before,and on 3 d and 7 d after 131I treatment(WBC:high-dose group,(6.30±1.04),(8.86±2.07),(6.59±1.64) × 109/L;low-dose group,(6.65±1.48),(10.17±3.04),(7.17± 1.57) ×109/L; NEUT:high-dose group,(3.75±0.88),(6.42± 1.91),(4.53± 1.54) × 109/L; low-dose group,(3.88±0.90),(7.12±2.77),(4.40±1.17) × 109/L;LY:(2.11±0.67),(2.06±0.74),(1.59±0.49) × 109/L;F values:3.88 to 30.20,all P＜0.05).The counts of WBC and NEUT in both groups were significantly higher on 3 d after 131I treatment than that before treatment (all P＜0.05).The counts of WBC and NEUT in both groups along with the LY in high-dose group decreased significantly on 7 d compared to that on 3 d after 131I treatment (all P＜0.05).The counts of LY in high-dose group also significantly decreased on 7 d after 131I treatment than before treatment(P＜0.05).The counts of RBC before 131I treatment and LY on 7 d after 131I treatment were significantly different between the 2 groups(t=2.36,-4.30,both P＜0.05).Compared with the counts before operation,LY,RBC and PLT were significantly higher (t values:from-4.92 to-2.45,all P＜0.05) during hypothyroid state induced by thyroxine withdrawal before 131I treatment.Conclusions Short-term kinetics of WBC and NEUT present as an increase first followed by a decrease after 131I treatment; while LY of high-dose group presents as a gradually decrease.Hypothyroid state induced by levo-thyroxine withdrawal leads to increased counts of LY,RBC and PLT before 131I treatment.

Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal ; therapeutic use ; Breast Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; mortality ; radiotherapy ; surgery ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; methods ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; Survival Rate ; Tamoxifen ; therapeutic use

Aspergillus flavus is a pathogenic fungus, which can easily contaminate Chinese herbal medicines, food, and agricultural commodities. Aflatoxin (AFT) produced by the secondary metabolism of A. flavus caused serious threats to the health of people and animals due to its carcinogenic and highly toxic characteristics. Therefore, the search for inhibitors to A. flavus and its toxins has been widely concerned in the world. Essential oil is a natural antifungal agent extracted and highly concentrated from higher plants. It has the advantages of good antifungal effect, low pollution, and relatively safe to human body. Some kinds of them, including Thymus vulgaris, Origanum virens, Perilla frutescens, Foeniculum vulgare, and so on, displayed their antifungal activities. Specifically, active ingredients such as alcohols, aldehydes, and phenols have relatively good antifungal effects. The research progress on pathogenicity of A. flavus and AFT and the prevention and control by essential oils are reviewed in this article, which provided a reference for further exploring the antifungal mechanism of essential oils and developing natural and green antifungal products.

Objective To investigate the changes of 4 histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H2R and H4 R)in interstitial cystitis on animal experimental models. Methods Thirty female SD rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups as follows: 20 in experimental group and 10 in control group. The experimental group was filled with protamine sulfate+ potassium chloride to create interstitial cystitis model, the control group was sacrificed directly. At the end of the experiment, the bladders of all these SD rats were studied by the immunohistochemistry staining and the value of their mean absorbance (-A) was calculated by IPP4.5 image analysis software. The SPSS 11.5 was used to analyze the differences between the groups. Results Four kinds of histamine receptors mainly expressed in the bladder epithelium. In the experimental group, the (-A) of H1 R was 0. 054±0.031, the of H2R was 0.032±0.021, the (-A) of H3R was 0.047±0.033 and the (-A) of H4R was 0. 149±0. 191,respectively. In the control group, the A of H1R was 0. 017±0. 011, the (-A) of H2R was 0. 018±0. 015, the (-A) of H3R was 0. 014±0. 011, the (-A) of H4R was 0. 060±0.039, respectively. In contrast,the A of H1 R, H2 R and H3R in experimental group was increased significantly(P＜0.05); there was no significant change in (-A) of H4R expression(P＞0.05). Conclusions H1, H2 and H3 receptors in rat model interstitial cystitis bladder epithelium have increased and it indicates H1 R, H2R and H3R may be related to interstitial cystitis. H3 R may be a new treatment target of interstitial cystitis.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of polysaccharides of Radix scrophulariae on immune function in mice under nor-mal physiological and hypoimmunical state. METHODS:80 mice were randomly divided into normal group,model group,treat-ment high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose groups and physiological high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose groups,10 in each group. Mice in normal group and model group were received distilled water (10 mL/kg) intragastrically,treatment high-dose,medi-um-dose,low-dose groups and physiological high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose groups were administrated 0.16,0.08,0.04 g/kg drug,ig,once a day,for 7 d. From the third day,mice in model group and treatment high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose groups were respectively received cyclophosphamide(100 mg/kg),ip,for 4 d to induce hypoimmunical model. Carbon clearance test was adopted to determine the carbon clearance indexes and organs(chest,spleen)indexes of mice. Another 80 mice were grouped with the same administration,serum half hemolytic value (HC50) was determined after compressed Mianyang red blood cell sensitiza-tion. Then another 80 mice were grouped with the same administration,1% dinitrofluorobenzene method was used to induce de-layed hypersensitivity in mice;its ear swelling was determined,as well as IL-2,IL-4,immunoglobulin G(IgG),immunoglobulin M(IgM),γ-interferon(IFN-γ)contents in serum,and the proliferation in vitro of splenic lymphocytes were detected. RESULTS:High-dose polysaccharides can promote the increasing of immune organ and carbon clearance indexes(P<0.05);enhance the inten-sity of delayed type hypersensitivity (HC50 increasing)(P<0.01) and improve the decreasing of serum hemolysin in model mice (P<0.01);promote the splenic lymphocytes proliferation and increase IL-2,IL-4,IgG,IgM,IFN-γ contents in serum(P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Polysaccharides can enhance the immune function in mice under normal physiological and hypoim-munical state induced by cyclophosphamide.