Tuberculosis(TB) is a chronic and debilitating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb). It is a significant health concern that poses a serious threat to human well-being. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)is the only approved vaccine for the prevention of TB. BCG is made from attenuated bovine Mtb and is highly effective in preventing tuberculous meningitis and granulomatous TB,which are particularly lethal in infants. However,BCG provides limited protection in both children and adults,and this protective effect decreases over time. Currently,there are ongoing improvements being made to BCG,which involve modifications in immunization routes and procedures. Additionally,researchers are working on the development of new TB vaccines. BCG is primarily used for the prevention of TB and the treatment of bladder cancer,although it also has other indications. This paper reviewed the recent research progress of BCG,focusing on its development history,improvements,and indications.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor in the GI tract. Surgical resection of the local disease is the gold standard therapy. In recent years, in virtue of the development of minimal invasive surgery such as laparoscopic surgery and endoscopic surgery, laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) has been applicable for treatment of gastric GIST. This article reviewed the recent advances in LECS in treatment of gastric GIST.

In recent years,minimally invasive surgery has become the mainstream trend of modern surgery with the rapid development of endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques.However,there are limitations when either technique is used alone.The laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS),which combines the advantages and makes up the deficiencies of these two techniques,has expanded the application field of minimally invasive surgery.Laparoscopic wedge resections are increasingly applied for gastric stromal tumor.Base on clinical experience of 43 patients who underwent laparoscopic wedge resections for surgical treatment of gastric stromal tumor,we conclude that this procedure is feasible and safe.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is a subset of mesenchymal tumors and represents the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of gastrointestinal tract.In the last decade,GISTs has become well known because of the effectiveness of imatinib mesylate.The molecular targets for tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor are not only of importance for the treatment of patients but also useful for the development of a novel drug modalities and new strategies in basic cancer therapy.The improved understanding of the molecular mechanism of GISTs has made its diagnosis standardized.Many multicenter phase Ⅱor phase Ⅲ clinical trials have been completed to establish the role of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy.It is important to select the correct management strategy,which is multidisciplinary,integrated,and individualized.This paper provides an overview of the rational treatment of GISTs at present.

Respiratory tract infection remains a hot clinical topic.Disappointingly, routine microbiology tests do not meet the needs of target antimicrobial therapy.Widespread practice of antibiotic empiricism has lead to dramatic use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance.The application of new clinical microbiology tests to identify the offending pathogen may allow administration of narrow spectrum antibiotic therapy.To do so,the full clinical microbiology armamentarium with newer point-of-care tests and polymerase chain reaction tests must be exploited.The return of the sputum gram stain and introduction of newer molecular tests would provide information for judicious selection of antimicrobials.

Type 2 diabetes(T2DM) is the collective result of insulin resistance in both muscle and liver andβ cell function failure. Traditional pharmaceutical therapy fails in ceasing progressive decline in β cell function. Bariatric surgery has been widely accepted as an efficient measure to treat diabetes. However, the prevalent standards mainly based on body mass index can not meet the demand for promoting remission rate. Related factors should be included in prediction of post-operative remission, like end-point setting, T2DM status, biochemical index, and operative method etc. The combination of these factors can be used to benefit more patients with diabetes.

AIM: To evaluation the efficacy dosages of topiramate (TMP) in treatment of patients with different types of epilepsy. METHODS : The seizure rate in baseline phase of patients with epilepsy were observed and recorded before treatment of topiramate as monotherapy for 20 weeks. The TMP st arting dosage was 25 mg?d -1 , and then increased to 25 mg?d -1 each week for 8 weeks until effective dosage or 200 mg?d -1 for 12 weeks, and the change of seizure frequency and adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: The seizure in 31 cases ( 51.7 %) was totally contro lled, seizure reduction of ≥75% was in 14 cases ( 23.3 %), ≥50% was in 4 cas es ( 6.7 %), and

OBJECTIVE: To establish a RP-HPLC method by pre - column derivatization to determine the contents of mi-cronomicin sulfate.METHODS:Kromasil C18 column( 150mm X 4.6mm,5u),mobile phasewater-ice acetic acidmethanol(30 5 : 65) in 0.02mol/L sodium -heptanesulfonate. The detection wavelength was set at 330nm.RESULTS:The linear range was 0.0 976mg/ml-0.9 760mg/ml,(r = 0.9 999),the RSD of the replicate test was 1.0%(n = 6) .CONCLUSION:The method is specific,accurate and sensitive.

There are several main topics in acute myelogenous leukemia at the 57th American Society of Hematology annual meeting, including the optimization about induction and consolidation chemotherapy for AML, the investigation of targeted drugs in AML first line therapy, the marker for AML MRD monitoring, the differentiation drugs, such as tamibarotene in APL, the definition about refractory AML, the induction therapy for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). This article reviewed the research progress of AML in the 57th ASH annual meeting.

Based on the review of the existing evidence of the research on the hospital management institutional ethics , this paper found researches in this area in the last two decades focused on the concept and level definition of hospital management institutional ethics;the construction of hospital management institutional ethics;the value and function of hospital management institutional ethics, and the reason and result of lack of hospital management insti-tutional ethics. On this basis, it pointed out the deficiency of the current researches and outlook the prospects.