OBJECTIVETo investigate the epidemic of diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection among children treated at the Beijing Friendship Hospital in a period of 2 years.

METHODSStool samples were collected from 972 diarrheic children from January 2010 to January 2012. The antigen of rotavirus was detected by the gold imunochromatography assay (GICA).

RESULTAmong the samples studied, 370 out of 972 cases (38.1%) were positive for rotavirus antigen. The ratio of infected boys and girls was 2.14:1. Most infected children (91.4%) were under the age of two. The viral infection takes place all year round but breaks out mainly within a cold season that lasts from October through March, with a peak in November and December. Even in the spring and summer, however, its prevalence rates were quite significant among the children with diarrhea, ranging from 11.1% to 41.7%.

CONCLUSIONIn Beijing area, rotavirus is the major etiologic cause of diarrhea in children, especially in those under the age of 2. The peak prevalence occurs at any given time during the late fall and early spring seasons. It is necessary, therefore, to strengthen the surveillance of rotavirus infection in the spring and summer seasons in order not only to predict and prevent a potential outbreak in the end of the year, but also collect and provide more dynamic data for the further epidemiologic research of rotavirus diarrhea in the children.

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Prevalence ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Seasons

OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effect and possible mechanisms of lute-olin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (LGU) against focalcerebral ischemic injury. METHODS The focal cerebral ischemic injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group,model group(MCAO),LGU group(0.24,0.72 and 2.16 mg·kg-1)and positive control group(Edaravone at 5 mg·kg-1).LGU was injected intravenously 30 min after MCAO.Neurological severity score,infarct volume and brain water content were detected 24 h after MCAO and the levels of Na+-K+ATPase,Ca2+ATPase,TNF-α and IL-1β were detected to explore the possible mechanisms.For the therapeutic time window test,LGU(0.72 mg·kg-1)was injected intrave-nously 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h respectively after MCAO. To evaluate motion behavior, LGU were injected intravenously 30 min after MCAO and once per day during detection period. The changes of motor coordination were detected by rotating rod method and grip strength analysis, and the changes of gaits were detected using DigiGait Imaging System. RESULTS LGU improved the neurological severity score, infarct volume ratio and brain water content. The therapeutic time window of LGU for cerebral infarction and brain edema was at least 6 h and for neurological dysfunction was 12 h.LGU also prolonged the latency on rotarod, increased the forelimb tension and improved 8 gait parameters, including stance duration,stride length,stance width,paw area,paw area variability,gait symmetry,ataxia coefficient and tau propulsion.Furthermore,LGU increased Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase levels in the cortex and hippocampus in the ischemic side,reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the serum. CONCLUSION LGU has a significant neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic injury via improving energy metabolism and reducing inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of NBI assisted white light transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) in the treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma and to summarize the experience of narrow band imaging (NBI) operation. METHODS: Patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma were selected, and TURBT was performed after anesthesia. First of all, the bladder tumor was found and resected under white light. Then we replaced with NBI, looked for suspicious lesions and resected them, The specimens excised under white light and NBI were collected separately. The number, location and pathological results of the lesions under white light were recorded, and the residual lesions under NBI were also recorded. To evaluate the effect of NBI, the ratio of residual bladder tumor was calculated. The cases were divided into three groups according to the time sequence. The clinical data of each group were collected and the learning curve of TURBT under NBI assisted white light was observed. RESULTS: A prospective study of 45 patients with bladder tumor from April 2018 to January 2020, including 32 males and 13 females, aged from 23 to 89 years, with an average age of 65.2 years. All the operations were successfully completed, without obvious complications after operation. Nine cases were single and 36 cases were multiple. The maximum diameter of the tumors was 0.5 to 4.0 cm, with an average of 2.2 cm. The histopathology of the resected tissue under white light was urothelial carcinoma, and 19 cases (42.2%) were pathologically positive by NBI resection. The 45 cases were divided into three groups according to the time sequence, 15 cases in each group. The true positive rate of NBI was 33.3%, 46.7% and 46.7%, respectively, and the false positive rate was 60.0%, 46.7% and 26.7%, respectively in the three groups. CONCLUSION TURBT is an effective way to treat bladder urothelial cancer, NBI is an effective supplement of white light, which can increase the detection rate of bladder cancer and reduce post-operative recurrence. The NBI light source has a certain learning curve. With the increase of cases, the false-positive rate of NBI is gradually reduced. After the NBI operator has rich experience, the recognition degree of flat tumor is gradually improved under white light, and the residual rate of NBI is reduced after the removal under white light.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cystoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Narrow Band Imaging ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Prospective Studies ; Self-Control ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery* ; Young Adult

Objective : To explore season-specific association between ambient PM2.5 and outpatient visits for asthma in the urban areas of Ningbo. Methods : Based on the platform of population health information,we collected daily outpatient visits for asthma in four general hospitals in the urban areas of Ningbo from 2014 to 2016. We also collected data of meteorological indicators and air pollutants during the same period from local weather bureau and environmental monitoring center. Generalized additive model（GAM）was applied to examining the relationship and lag effects between ambient PM2.5 and outpatient visits for asthma in different seasons. Results : A total of 45 184 outpatients with asthma were reported from 2014 to 2016,with an average of 41.23 cases per day. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in Ningbo was（43.12± 26.40）μg/m3 ,with the peak as（65.27± 34.51）μg/m3 in winter and the though as（27.34± 12.70）μg/m3 in summer. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 were associated with 1.14%（95%CI：0.48%-1.81%）,2.40%（95%CI：0.22%-4.63%）and 1.37%（95%CI：0.28%-2.48%）increase of outpatient volume for asthma on the day in the whole year,summer and winter,respectively. In summer,males were at higher risk compared to females（P< 0.05）;in winter,people under 65 years old were at higher risk（P< 0.05）. Including NO2,the effect of PM2.5 on the excess risk of outpatient visits for asthma in summer was enhanced in two-pollutant models（P< 0.05）. Conclusion PM2.5 pollution might increase the outpatient volume for asthma in summer and winter. NO2 might have synergistic effect with PM2.5 on asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristic of hand-wrist bone development in adolescents of 14 years old in China, and to estimate trend of bone development of them. METHODS: A total of 109 adolescents of 14 years was selected as subjects (males: 53, females: 56). X-rays examination of their left hand-wrist bone were performed and analyzed. The development characteristics of each position in accordance with Gu's mapping of skeletal age were compared with Gu's results and ours. RESULTS: Compared with Gu's, osteoepiphysis of distal radius, the first metacarpal bone, the fourth proximal phalanx were more advanced in boys, osteoepiphysis of distal radius, the second-fifth metacarpal bones, the first-fifth proximal phalanxs, and the second-fifth middle phalanxs were more advanced in girls. CONCLUSION The results suggested that a forward trend of 14 years old adolescents bone development currently exists in our country, especially in girls. As an important age of criminal responsibility, this forward trend of development of bones among adolescents currently should be kept in mind when estimating bone age of criminals.
Adolescent ; Age Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Bone Development/physiology* ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology ; Humans ; Male ; Metacarpal Bones/diagnostic imaging* ; Radius/diagnostic imaging* ; Wrist Joint/diagnostic imaging*

Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block ( SGB) on perioperative inflammatory responses and postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients un-dergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Methods Fifty-five American Society of Anesthesiologists physical classⅠ-Ⅲpatients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, weighing 50-75 kg, undergoing elective gastrointestinal sur-gery, were divided into SGB group ( n=18) and control group ( C group, n=37) using a random number table method. Ultrasound-guided SGB was conducted with 0. 5％ ropivocaine 7 ml at the left C6 level in SGB group. The equal volume of normal saline was given under ultrasound guidance at the same site in C group. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at 5 min before SGB and 2, 4 and 24 h after SGB for deter-mination of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α) , interleukin ( IL)-1β and IL-6 concentrations by en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The increased level of leukocyte count ( leukocyte count at 24 h after SGB-leukocyte count at 24 h before SGB) was recorded. The recovery time of bowel sounds and anal or sto-ma exhaust time were also recorded. Results Compared with C group, the concentrations of TNF-αat 2 h after SGB and IL-1βat 2, 4 and 24 h after SGB were significantly decreased, the increased level of leuko-cyte count was decreased, and the recovery time of bowel sounds and anal or stoma exhaust time were short-ened in SGB group ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion Ultrasound-guided SGB can reduce perioperative inflammato-ry responses and promote the recovery of postoperative gastrointestinal function in the patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

BACKGROUND:Stem cell transplantation has been used in the clinical treatment of spinal cord injury.However,the efficacy and safety are still controversial.Although there are many approaches for stem cell transplantation,which one is better is unclear as yet.OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury,and to compare the therapeutic difference in stem cell transplantation via different approaches.METHODS:A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed,The Cochrane Library (Issue 4,2016),Embase,CNKI,VIP,CBM,and Wan-Fang databases up to May 13,2016 to screen the relevant randomized clinical controlled trials of stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury.Two reviewers independently selected the studies,extracted information,and assessed the quality of included trials.Data extracted from eligible studies was pooled and meta-analyzed using Stata13.1 and Gemtc0.14.3 software.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 10 randomized controlled trials involving 546 patients (294 in stem cells group and 252 in rehabilitation treatment group) were included.The results of meta-analysis showed that stem cell transplantation had an advantage over rehabilitation treatment in increasing American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) motor score,ASIA sensory score,Barthel Index,and decreasing the bladder residual urine volume.The incidence of low fever,abdominal distension,headache,lower limb numbness,and meningeal irritation was 14％,7％,7％,8％,and 7％,respectively.Taking the rehabilitation treatment as a common reference,the results of the network meta-analysis showed that there were no significant differences in ASIA motor score,ASIA sensory score,Barthel Index,and incidence of complications among subarachnoid injection,intravenous injection,and intralesional injection.Compared with the rehabilitation treatment,only stem cell transplantation via subarachnoid injection had significant differences in ASIA motor score [MD=9.77,95％CI (0.26,21.46)],and ASIA sensory score [MD=25.79,95％CI (10.07,45.27)].To conclude,the stem cells transplantation via subarachnoid injection is considered the most effective transplantation method.Due to the limitations of the included studies,more high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to verify the above conclusion.In addition,future studies should focus on the long-term efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation in the treatment of spinal cord injury,and should investigate the clinical effects on spinal cord injury with different ASIA grades,types of stem cells,and transplantation time.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) whole-blood concentration on the early response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in severe and very severe aplastic anemia (SAA/VSAA).

METHODSNinety SAA/VSAA patients treated with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) plus CsA as first line therapy in our hospital were retrospectively analysed. CsA levels between the response group and non-response group, and response rates of patients with variant CsA levels were compared respectively.

RESULTS(1) There was no significant difference in the beginning unmodified CsA blood concentration between IST responded and non-responded SAA/VSAA patients. The beginning unmodified C(0) 133.91 ug/L in IST 2-month responders was higher than that of 49.9 ug/L in non-responded SAA patients (P = 0.009); (2) The mean CsA C(0) and C(2) levels during the third month following IST were significantly different in responders and non-responders(197.52 µg/L vs 161.49 µg/L, P = 0.024, and 738.76 µg/L vs 615.46 µg/L, P = 0.009), and no significant difference in other periods of IST (P > 0.05); (3) The response rate (87.5%) was significantly higher in patients with CsA C(0) ≥ 200µg/L the third month following IST than those of 55.6% in patients with CsA C(0) 150 - 200 µg/L (P = 0.023) and 59.3% in patients with CsA C(0) < 150 µg/L (P = 0.046), respectively. The response rate was significantly higher of C(2) ≥ 700 µg/L group than that of C(2) < 700 µg/L group (80.5%vs 55.3%, P = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONSThe CsA concentration related to the early IST response. The third month CsA concentrations was the most important for the response and maintaining CsA levels with C(0) ≥ 200 µg/L and C(2) ≥ 700 µg/L may improve the response to IST in SAA/VSAA.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anemia, Aplastic ; blood ; therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cyclosporine ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVESome recent studies found that high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in the breastfed children. This study aimed to understand the differences in serum retinol level between breastfed and bottle-fed children aged 0 to 23 months and the possible causes of low level of serum retinol for the breastfed children.

METHODSData for children aged 0 to 23 months were extracted from a population-based cross sectional study for vitamin A nutrition status. Fluorescence method was used to measure the serum retinol. Mothers or caregivers were asked to answer a pre-designed questionnaire and socioeconomic status, peri-natal care, breastfeeding status, morbidity histories and other related factors were collected. Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to investigate the child's dietary intake one week prior to the survey. Data were analyzed using SAS 8.1.

RESULTSOf 401 children aged 0 to 23 months, the breastfeeding rate was 50.37%. The means of the serum retinol level between bottle-fed (30.67 +/- 0.57) microg/dl and the breastfed children (27.60 +/- 0.56) microg/dl was significantly different (P < 0.01). The corresponding figures were (31.82 +/- 0.98) microg/dl and (29.46 +/- 0.96) microg/dl after adjustment for confounders, which also showed significant difference (P < 0.01). After stratified by age groups, the breastfeeding rates in the 0-, 6-, 12- and 18-months groups were 92.1%, 70.1%, 32.0% and 17.1%, respectively. We calculated the difference in means of the serum retinol level between the bottle-fed and breastfed children for each of four age groups, and the 95% confidence limits of the differences. The differences in means and the 95% confidence limits for 0-, 6-, 12- and 18-months group were 4.70 microg/dl (-2.52-1.92), 0.82 microg/dl (-2.32-3.95), 2.95 microg/dl (-0.68-6.58) and 6.05 microg/dl (2.34-9.77), respectively. After adjustment for confounders and covariates, the adjusted figures were 0.00 microg/dl (-7.18-7.19), 1.35 microg/dl (-1.76-4.45), 2.92 microg/dl (-0.82-6.65) and 4.26 microg/dl (0.71-7.81), respectively. The significant difference in means of serum retinol level was only found in the 18-months group before or after adjustments (P < 0.01 for both). The Cochrane-Atmitage chi square trend test showed that the breastfed children tended to have lower frequencies of complementary dietary intakes than that of the bottle-fed aged 12 months and above.

CONCLUSIONSThe breastfed children aged 0 to 23 months had relative low serum retinol level while compared with the bottle-fed. However, the significant differences seemed to be only confined to those aged 18 months and above. Low level of vitamin A in breast milk and low frequent complimentary food supplements might have served as the potential for the differences.

Breast Feeding ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Nutritional Status ; Vitamin A ; blood ; Vitamin A Deficiency

PURPOSE: Any battery impacted in the esophagus must be removed urgently because of the possibility of serious complications such as perforation, fistula, and mediastinitis. The use of endoscopic procedures was compared to find the most rapid, effective, and safe method to remove disk batteries. METHODS: The cases of 24 children (9 males, mean age, 1.5 years) that had accidentally ingested disk batteries were reviewed. The patients had visited the Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital from July 1997 to June 2007 for the removal of disk batteries. Endoscopic removal was attempted using a retrieval net or a magnetic extractor with a balloon (condom). The procedure times for removing the ingested battery were compared. RESULTS: Children that ingested batteries with a larger diameter (20 mm) had a greater chance to have esophageal impaction with serious injury, such as esophageal mucosal necrosis or ulcers, as compared to the ingestion of smaller diameter batteries (10 mm) (p<0.01). Endoscopic removal of disk batteries was attempted either using a retrieval net in 10 children or by using a magnetic extractor with a balloon in 6 children. Endoscopic removal using a retrieval net was more effective (mean procedure time: 1.5 min) as compared to using a magnetic extractor with a balloon (mean procedure time: 3.3 min) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both procedures, either using a retrieval net or a magnetic extractor with a balloon were effective in removing ingested disk batteries. Based on our experience, an endoscopic procedure using a retrieval net was a more effective method for foreign body removal.
Child* ; Eating ; Endoscopy ; Esophagus ; Fistula ; Foreign Bodies ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Male ; Mediastinitis ; Necrosis ; Pediatrics ; Ulcer