OBJECTIVETo study the HIV infection rate and relevant behavioural characteristics among drug users (DUs) in the 15 cities of China-Gates HIV/AIDS Program.

METHODSBy literature review from the public security sector and expert consultations, the size of drug using population was estimated, questionnaire was used to survey relevant behavioural characteristics of DUs, and blood specimens were collected for HIV, syphilis and HCV testing.

RESULTSIn 2007, the number of registered DUs in the 15 cities was 176 004, while the estimated number was 477 989. DUs mainly used heroin and crystal meth. Of the survey subjects, 41.0% (2685/6155) had correct knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and Hangzhou 97.6% (410/420), Qingdao 85.5% (342/400), Wuhan 69.7% (308/442), Kunming 63.8% (255/400), Shanghai 45.4% (237/522), Xi'an 44.5% (178/400), Nanjing 38.8% (155/400), Beijing 36.5% (237/650), Guangzhou 29.5% (122/413), Haerbin 25.4% (114/447), Haikou 23.8% (96/402), Chongqing 22.4% (90/401), Sanya 20.0% (80/400), Tianjin 16.2% (41/253), Shenyang 9.8% (20/205), and the difference among the cities has statistical significance (χ(2) = 1482.833, P < 0.05). The rate of needle sharing at the last injection was 10.8% (665/6155), and Hangzhou 10.8% (45/420), Chongqing 26.4% (106/401), Guangzhou 2.6% (11/413), Shenyang 31.3% (64/205), Shanghai 0.4% (2/522), Kunming 10.8% (43/400), Beijing 10.6% (69/650), Tianjin 5.4% (14/253), Xi'an 3.3% (13/400), Wuhan 17.9% (79/442), Sanya 20.0% (80/400), Haikou 2.2% (9/402), Haerbin 8.5% (38/447), Nanjing 21.4% (86/400), Qingdao 1.5% (6/400), and the difference among the cities has statistical significance (χ(2) = 483.044, P < 0.05). Only 5.0% (8737/176 004) of DUs and 1.2% of HIV positive DUs participated in needle exchange. The HIV, syphilis and HCV infection rates were respectively 2.76% (155/5620), 3.38% (190/5620) and 32.35% (1818/5620). The HIV infection rates of different city was:Hangzhou 0.4% (1/273), Chongqing 7.5% (30/401), Guangzhou 2.9% (12/413), Shenyang 0.5% (1/205), Shanghai 0.32% (1/316), Kunming 16.25% (65/400), Beijing 2.6% (16/624), Tianjin 2.0% (5/253), Xi'an 1.25% (5/400), Wuhan 0.24% (1/411), Sanya 1.75% (7/400), Haikou 0.2% (1/402), Haerbin 1.1% (5/447), Nanjing 1.1% (3/275), Qingdao 0.5% (2/400), and the difference among the cities has statistical significance (χ(2) = 354.203, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe HIV prevalence rate of IDUs in 15 cities slowly decreased although the HIV prevalence rate of IDUs in Chongqing and Kunming and other cities had surpassed the international warning level. The risk of sharing needles for HIV infection was dropped, and more attention should be paid to the potential risk of HIV transmission via unsafe sex due to the use of new drugs, such as amphetamine chloride.

China ; epidemiology ; Drug Users ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Hepacivirus ; Hepatitis C ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Syphilis ; epidemiology ; Treponema pallidum ; Urban Population

Objective To determine the risk factors related to tuberculosis infection among people living with HIV/AIDS and to develop strategies for preventing the co-infection.Methods A 1:2matched nested case-control study was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.Results 1018 people living with HIV/AIDS were followed up for one year with a total number of 736.75 person-years,among them 62 tuberculosis cases were diagnosed.The incidence density of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS was 8.42 persons per 100 person-years.Factors as education level(OR=0.483),vaccination history of Bacille Calmette Guerin(OR=0.561),CD_4~+ count T-lymphocyte(OR=0.356),unemployment(OR=1.976),living alone(OR=2.646),and smoking(OR=2.215)were significantly related to the prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.Conclusion High education level,with vaccination history of Bacille Calmette Guerin and high level of CD_4~+ T-lymphocyte count were protective factors while being unemployed,living alone,and smoking habit were risk factors related to the prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.

Objective To study the features,safe Sex behavior and the size of men who have sex with men(MSM)population in actuaI and virtual venues in one city.Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study in actual and virtual venues,using the Estimated Size of Population from a Single Sample(LMS method)to estimate the size of MSM population.Results Most MSM in actual venues were 24-43 year olds and had received high school education,whereas in virtual venues,the majority of this population were younger than 29 years old and had higher education,including some college students.The awareness of AIDS of the two groups from different venues showed no statistically significant difierence,neither the safe sex behaviors.Proportions of the MSM population in actual and virtuaI venues were 21.22%(16 383,95%CI:11514-21252)and 78.78%(60830,95%CI:57327-64329),respectively.After adjusting the overlapping part of the MSM from both venues,the total number was between 60 830 and 77213,constituting a proportion of 5.03%-6.38%in the sexually active male population(15-64 year olds)in this city.Conclusion The size of the MSM population was large but the characteristics were different in the actual or virtual venues.As most MSM preferred going to the virtual venues,intervention program on AIDS-specific strategy in this area,in particular dealing with the Internet,should be strenthened.

Background: Glomerulonephritis is often treated with kidney-saving, but potentially diabetogenic immunosuppressants such as glucocorticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors. Unfortunately, there are little data on dysglycemia before and after diagnosis and during treatment of glomerulonephritis. We aimed to evaluate the occurrence and risk factors for pre-diabetes and incident diabetes among non-diabetic patients with glomerular disease with or without treatment with immunosuppressants. Methods: A single-center, retrospective cohort study was performed on 229 non-diabetic immunosuppressantnaïve adults diagnosed with glomerulonephritis and renal vasculitis. Patients with known diabetes and prior immunosuppressant treatment were excluded. Outcomes of new-onset pre-diabetes and new-onset diabetes were defined according to American Diabetic Association criteria. Results: Pre-diabetes was present pre-biopsy in 74 of the 229 patients (32.3%). During the median follow-up of 34.0 (23.3-47.5) months, 29 patients (12.7%) developed new-onset diabetes and 58 (25.3%) had new-onset prediabetes. Immunosuppressive therapy in patients with pre-existing pre-diabetes was associated with increased odds of new-onset diabetes compared to those without either risk factor (26.0% versus 5.0%; odds ratio, 6.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41 to 31.64), P = 0.02). Conclusion New-onset diabetes after immunosuppressant treatment occurred in one-quarter of patients with glomerulonephritis and pre-existing pre-diabetes. Physicians should screen for pre-diabetes when planning treatment with immunosuppressants, as its presence significantly increases the risk of diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relevant factors of the causes of sexual orientations of gay.

METHODFrom March to June 2013, 350 gays were recruited from one music bar and three bath centers where gays frequently visited in Changsha city, by proportional stratified sampling method. Meanwhile, another 332 males who identify themselves as non-homosexuality were also recruited considering the composition of ages, gender and educational background. Questionnaire survey was conducted to all the subjects, with 300 effective ones reclaimed. The questionnaire included the general demographic information, traits of character, the condition of foster in childhood and information of family members. The differences between the gays and non-homosexuality groups were analyzed to explore the causes of the sexual orientations of gays.

RESULTSThere were statistical significant differences between gays and non- homosexuality group on following indexes (χ(2) was 59.63, 5.90, 16.01, 84.99, 161.57, 77.77, 112.32, 190.84, 30.10 respectively, all of P < 0.05) :had a tender father and an impervious mother, were physically weak, not agile, physically inactive, attentive to details, highly conservative, not adventurous, and radical in childhood, were raised as girls before the age of 18, liked to dress as girls before the age of 18, don't liked to play toy knives and toy guns before the age of 18, suffered from sexual abuse before the age of 18 (e.g. forced to expose private parts or forced to have sex) by adults, had read or watched books or films about homosexual and experienced sexual pleasure from that before the age of 18. The rate of gays on these indexes was separately 62.3% (187/300), 57.7% (173/300) , 62.3% (187/300) , 63.0% (189/300), 67.3% (202/300) , 62.7% (189/300), 68.0% (204/300), 65.0% (195/300) and the rate on these indexes of non-homosexuality group was separately 21.3% (64/300), 28.0% (84/300) , 25.0% (75/300) , 12.7% (38/300), 31.3% (94/300), 17.7% (53/300) , 12.7% (38/300), 42.7% (128/300) . The rate of gays on these factors:the youngest boy in family, had the father or twin brothers who were homosexual or self identified as gay was 62.7% (188/300), 56.0% (168/300) and 62.0% (18/29) respectively; and the rate was 40.7% (122/300), 4.0% (12/300) and 20.0% (2/10), respectively among non-homosexuality group. The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) was 34.52, 193.14, 5.27 respectively, all of P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe correlative factor of sexual orientation of gays maybe was family relationship, tend and education since childhood, psychological characteristics, sexual experience during puberty.

Adult ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo explore the current status of HIV infection and HIV-related knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 14 cities in China.

METHODSA cluster sampling method was administrated and 14 large or medium cities were selected. The respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was also used to conduct a questionnaire survey in 6101 MSM. Blood specimens were collected for HIV and syphilis testing.

RESULTSA total of 6101 MSM were selected and investigated, with an HIV infection rate of 6.3% (384/6101) and a syphilis infection rate of 14.0% (854/6101). The proportion of MSM knowing correct HIV/AIDS knowledge was 59.7% (3644/6101); 6.2% (378/6101) and 11.2% (683/6101) of the respondents ever had buying sex or selling sex in the last six months respectively; the proportion of consistent condom-using each time while with male partners in the last month was 39.2% (2392/6101). The proportion of condom-using while with male partners was 65.2% (3978/6101) in the last time among MSM.

CONCLUSIONA high HIV infection rate was observed among MSM with limited HIV/AIDS awareness and high risk behaviors. It is necessary to initiate a rapid response to prevent HIV spreading in MSM.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Unsafe Sex

Objective To analyze the causes and epidemiological characteristics of injury in Hunan Province, so as provide scientific basis for the development of intervention measures of injury. Methods The Excel 2007 software and SPSS 18.0 software were used to organize and analyze the injury surveillance system data. Results A total of 107 754 effective cases were collected in three years, and the male-female ratio was 1.65:1. The top three causes of injury were falls(36.0%), motor vehicle accident (20.6%) and sharp knife injury (11.8%). The locations of injuries were mainly roads (30.9%) and homes (28.3%). The top three activities at the time of injury were leisure activities (24.7%), driving (17.6%) and work (16.4%). 93.2% of injury was unintentional injury, and the degree of injury was mainly mild injury (74.3%). Conclusions The number of injuries is increasing year by year. The number of male injuries is more than that of females. Systematic research and intervention measures should focus on falls and motor vehicle accident .

Background: Cardiovascular disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with glomerulonephritis, which is increasingly diagnosed in older individuals who may have diabetes mellitus (DM). We evaluated the impact of DM on metabolic profile, renal and cardiovascular outcomes during treatment and follow-up of individuals with glomerulonephritis. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 601 consecutive adults with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis for factors associated with kidney failure, hospitalization for cardiovascular events, and death. Biopsies with isolated diabetic nephropathy were excluded. Results: The median patient age was 49.8 years (36.7–60.9 years) with estimated glomerular filtration rate of 56.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (27.7–93.2 mL/min/1.73 m2). DM was present in 25.4%. The most frequent diagnoses were minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (29.5%), lupus nephritis (21.3%), immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (19.1%), and membranous nephropathy (12.1%). The median follow-up was 38.8 months (interquartile range [IQR], 26.8–55.8 months). Among 511 individuals with lupus nephritis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, MCD/FSGS, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy, 52 (10.2%) developed kidney failure at a median 16.4 months (IQR, 2.3–32.2 months), while 29 (5.7%) had cardiovascular-related hospitalizations at 12.9 months (IQR, 4.8–31.8 months) and 31 (6.1%) died at 13.5 months (IQR, 2.5–42.9 months) after diagnosis. Cox regression analysis found that baseline DM was independently associated with kidney failure (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–4.05, p = 0.03) and cardiovascular-related hospitalization (adjusted HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.21–5.98, p = 0.02) but not with mortality. Conclusion DM was strongly associated with kidney failure and hospitalization for cardiovascular events in patients with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis.

Background: Cardiovascular disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with glomerulonephritis, which is increasingly diagnosed in older individuals who may have diabetes mellitus (DM). We evaluated the impact of DM on metabolic profile, renal and cardiovascular outcomes during treatment and follow-up of individuals with glomerulonephritis. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 601 consecutive adults with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis for factors associated with kidney failure, hospitalization for cardiovascular events, and death. Biopsies with isolated diabetic nephropathy were excluded. Results: The median patient age was 49.8 years (36.7–60.9 years) with estimated glomerular filtration rate of 56.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (27.7–93.2 mL/min/1.73 m2). DM was present in 25.4%. The most frequent diagnoses were minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (29.5%), lupus nephritis (21.3%), immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (19.1%), and membranous nephropathy (12.1%). The median follow-up was 38.8 months (interquartile range [IQR], 26.8–55.8 months). Among 511 individuals with lupus nephritis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, MCD/FSGS, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy, 52 (10.2%) developed kidney failure at a median 16.4 months (IQR, 2.3–32.2 months), while 29 (5.7%) had cardiovascular-related hospitalizations at 12.9 months (IQR, 4.8–31.8 months) and 31 (6.1%) died at 13.5 months (IQR, 2.5–42.9 months) after diagnosis. Cox regression analysis found that baseline DM was independently associated with kidney failure (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–4.05, p = 0.03) and cardiovascular-related hospitalization (adjusted HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.21–5.98, p = 0.02) but not with mortality. Conclusion DM was strongly associated with kidney failure and hospitalization for cardiovascular events in patients with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis.