Objective To explore the cognitive function of the theory of mind(TOM) in early-onset schizophrenia from faux pas recognition and belief understanding dimensions.Methods 41 early-onset schizophrenias (EOS) and 40 normal adolescents were interviewed by the Chinese version of faux pas recognition task and theory of mind picture-sequencing task(ToM-PST),then early-onset schizophrenias cognitive features were analyzed.Results ①In faux pas recognition task,compared with healthy subjects,EOS showed significantly less total scores (16.11±6.34 vs 20.86±7.79,P＜0.05)and subscores of understanding faux pas questions (9.88±4.11 vs 13.27± 6.07,P＜0.05).In faux pas recognition scores(6.72±2.60vs 7.58±2.20) and control questions(9.83±0.44vs 9.97± 0.16) had no statistically significant difference (P＞0.05).②In ToM-PST task,early-onset schizophrenic patients also had significantly less total score(17.29±3.38 vs 21.48± 1.73,P＜0.01),subscores of understanding first order belief,first order error belief,second order belief,second order error belief,third order error belief,sense of reality,reciprocity,fraud,detecting fraud compared to normal controls had significant difference (all P＜ 0.05 or 0.01).③ The correlation between clinical course time and PANSS score and its subscores of the theory of mind picture-sequencing and faux pas task was non-significant(P＞0.05)except the subscores of understanding the first order belief (P＜0.01).Conclusion The theory of mind is apparent damage in early onset schizophrenia and non-significant correlation is found with psychiatric symptoms.

A sensitive LC-MS/MS method to determine cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in guinea pig's hair has been established. About 20 mg of decontaminated hair sample was hydrolyzed with 0.1 mol·L-1 HCl at 50 ℃ overnight, in the presence of cocaine-d3 and benzoylecgonine-d8 used as internal standards, and then extracted with dichlormethane. The analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) and multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode were used. The limit of detection (LOD) for cocaine and benzoylecgonine was 1 pg·mg-1. The calibration curves of extracted standards were linear over the range from 5 pg·mg-1 to 250 pg·mg-1 (r2≥0.999 7). The method was validated and applied to the analysis of guinea pig's hair after a single dose administration of cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine were not only detected, but also quantified in guinea pigs hair.

Animals ; Arrestins ; metabolism ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; beta-Arrestins

Objective To analyze the curative effects and complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in treating hydrocephalus caused by different diseases in children. Methods The data of 289 children with hydrocephalus who were performed ventriculo-peritoneal shunt were examined and the incidence rate of complications was analyzed. Results Thirty-seven incidences of complications occurred in 24 patients with the total incidence rate of 12.46%.There was obstruction of proximate tube in five cases,distal end in two cases,with the obstruction rate of 2.42%.Postoperative infection happened in nine cases(3.11%).Bacterial culture was positive in three cases,two of which were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus coli in the other one.Negative results were found in six patients for the bacterial culture.Subdural hematoma occured in one case,and tube break after injury in two cases.Slit ventricle syndrome broke out seven times in three cases,leakage of cerebrospinal fluid in two,exposure of pumps in three,and subcutaneous hydrops in two.Four cases(1.38%)were dead from infection. Conclusion Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is preferred for hydrocephalus in children if the complications are well prevented and controlled.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of fenestration in the treatment of dentigerous cyst in mixed dentition stage. Methods From 2004 to 2007, 8 cases of dentigerous cyst in mixed dentition stage were treated, among whom 3 were boys and 5 were girls with ages between 7 and 12 years old. The dentigerous cysts of 2 cases were in superior maxillary bone and the other 6 cases were in inferior maxillary bone. Each of 5 cases had one tooth in dentigerous cyst cavity, and each of the other 3 had 3 teeth in dentigerous cyst cavity. All patients received fenestration under local anesthesia. The patients were followed up for 18 months after fenestration, and the soft tissue healing, facial malformation, permanent teeth eruption and bone tissue healing were observed. Results It was found during follow up that cyst cavity disappeared in all the patients and all had normal facial morphology with no maxillary bone malformation. In five cases, permanent teeth erupted totally and dental occlusion kept normal. In one case, 2/3 of permanent teeth erupted and dental occlusion kept almost normal. While in the other two cases, permanent teeth were to erupt. It was revealed by X ray examinations that the shadow of maxillary bone density decrease disappeared in all the patients. Conclusion Fenestration can keep the teeth and bone in the treatment of dentigerous cyst in the mixed dentition stage.

Animals ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epilepsy ; chemically induced ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Pilocarpine ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors

To establish single- and double-transfected transgenic cells stably expressing hMATE1, hMATE1 cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR from human cryopreserved kidney tissue, and subcloned into pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid by virtue of both HindIII and Kpn I restriction enzyme sites. Subsequently, the recombined pcDNA3.1(+)- hMATE1 plasmid was transfected into MDCK, MDCK-hOCT1 or MDCK-hOCT2 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 Reagent. After a 14-day-cultivation with hygromycin B at the concentration of 400 µg · mL(-1), all clones were screened with DAPI and MPP+ as substrates to identify the best candidate. The mRNA content of hMATE1, the cellular accumulation of metformin with or without cimetidine as inhibitor, or transportation of cimetidine was further valuated. The results showed that all of the three cell models over expressed hMATE1 mRNA. The cellular accumulation of metformin in MDCK-hMATE1 was 17.6 folds of the control cell, which was significantly inhibited by 100 µmol · L(-1) cimetidine. The transcellular transport parameter net efflux ratios of cimetidine across MDCK-hOCT1/hMATE1 and MDCK-hOCT2/hMATE1 monolayer were 17.5 and 3.65, respectively. In conclusion, cell models with good hMATE1 function have been established successfully, which can be applied to study the drug transport or drug-drug interaction involving hMATE1 alone or together with hOCT1/2 in vitro.
Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cimetidine ; pharmacology ; DNA, Complementary ; Dogs ; Drug Interactions ; Humans ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Metformin ; pharmacology ; Organic Cation Transport Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection

Objective:To investigate the effect of estrogen on the expression of P2X7 receptor ( P2X7R) in the cerebral cortex and neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH) in rats.Methods:The rat model of SAH was induced by modified mono-filament puncture method.Sixty male SD rats were divided randomly into three groups:sham group;SAH group and estrogen-treatment group.The local cerebral blood flow was detected with laser doppler blood flow meter.The content of tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by ELISA analysis.The expression of P2X7R in the cerebral cortex was tested by immuno-histochemical and Western blot methods.Results:Compared with that in Sham group,cerebral blood flow was significantly decreased after SAH (P<0.05),the content of TNF-αand IL-6 in the cerebral cortex were significantly up-regulated at each time point after SAH (P<0.05),peaked at 24 h,and the expression of P2X7R significantly increased at 6 h,12 h and 24 h after SAH (P<0.05),peaked at 12 h.Compared with that in SAH group,cerebral blood flow was significantly increased in estrogen-treatment group (P<0.05),the levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and P2X7R were down-regulated in estrogen-treatment group ( P<0.05).Conclusion: Estrogen could attenuate neuroinflammation in the cerebral cortex after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats, which may be associated with the down-regulation in P2X7R proteins.

Objective To characterize the imaging features of mediastinal cysts and gain a better understanding of atypical manifestations of various mediastinal cysts and improve the level of diagnosis. Methods The CT and/or MR images(CT n=28, MRI n=26, CT and MRI n=10), surgical information, and pathologic material in 44 histopathologically proved cases of mediastinal cyst were retrospectively reviewed. Results The mediastinal cysts were located in the anterior mediastinum(n=13), middle mediastinum(n=18), anterior-middle mediastinum (n=2) and posterior mediastinum(n=11). Bronchogenic cysts and pericardial cysts were atypically located in 7/20(35%)and 5/6 respectively. The density of 42.9% cysts on CT was close to that of water. Each of the cysts had a high signal intensity that was equal to or greater than cerebrospinal fluid on T_2-weighted MR images. One cyst showed marked loss of signal on MR hydrography. The signal intensities of the cysts were variable on T_1-weighted images. The signal intensity of MRI was not homogeneous in 5 and the reasons were different. Fourteen cases were misdiagnosed. Conclusion 1.The cysts with soft-tissue attenuation on CT in the anterior and posterior mediastinum may be easily misdiagnosed as neoplasm. Pericardial cysts located in the paratrachea may be easily misdiagnosed as bronchogenic cysts .2. MRI can be used to diagnose the cysts with high density on CT.3. Heterogeneous signal on MRI and loss of signal on MR hydrography might be the reasons for misdiagnosis.

Objective To study the injury and protective action of drugs on neurons, the model of glutamate excitotoxicity on primary cultured hippocampual neurons from new born rats were( set up. Methods)By use of trypan blue dye staning and testing the lactate dehydrogenase leakage from cultured neurons, to investigate the neuron survival rate. Results We found the injury of neurons was related with the concentration of glutamate. NMDAR non-competitive antagonist —MK-801 could protect the glutamate excitotoxic damage on neurons. Conclusion The glutamate results in neuron injury through NMDAR; the model of neuron culture was sufficient for glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.