Penis is one of the most important components of male external genitalia.Congenital abnormalities and trauma may lead to genitourinary organ damage or default,which require reconstruction.With the development of tissue engineering(TE),penile corpora cavernosa tissue engineening has becoming the core of the penis reconstruction.Recent researches mainly focus on forming scaffolds and transplanting cells(including of endothelial cells and caveruosal smooth muscle cells). Recently, stem cell technology, gene therapy and nervous reconstructive techniques have been combined to promote the development of tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has been thought to be able to make possible the restoring and constructing of the structure and normal funetion of penile corpora cavernosa.This paper gives a review of the recent progress in associated researches on tissue engineering of the penile corpora cavernosa.

China ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Esophagus ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; methods ; trends

Objective To investigate the application value of the plasma homocysteine (Hcy) ,folic acid (FA) and vitamin B12 (VB12 ) levels in the patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD complicating impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) .Methods 80 triers screened by the inclusion criteria were divided into the simple CHD group (36 cases) and the CHD complicating IGT group(44 cases);70 healthy cases were taken as the controls .Hcy ,FA and VB12 levels were measured and the detection results were performed the statistical analysis .Results The Hcy level in both experimental groups were higher than that in the control group , the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) ,the positive rates were 94 .4% in the simple CHD group and 88 .6% in the CHD complicating IGT group respectively ;The plasma FA level in both experimental groups were lower than that in the control group ,meanwhile ,plasma Hcy level and FA level showed a negative correlation (P<0 .05);The VB12 level had no statistical differ-ence among 3 groups (P>0 .05) ,and the correlation analysis between the Hcy level in the two experimental groups with VB 12 had no statistical significance (P>0 .05) .Conclusion Plasma Hcy level in CHD and CHD complicating IGT is very high and negatively correlated with the FA level ,dynamically detecting the Hcy level has an important significance for early warning and treatment of CHD and CHD complicating IGT .

Objective] To explore the application of “viscera state”theory in “Internal Classics”in TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria. [Method] Clear up the“viscera state”theories in“Internal Classics”related to TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria, combining with concerned thesis of doctors in the past dynasties, to analyse its application value in clinic. [Result] “Heart joining with smal intestine through the meridian and col ateras”,“smal intestine being organ of receiving food and digestion”, “kidney connects lung upward”, “spleen storing Ying”, “spleen Qi disperseing essence and returning to lung upward”,“liver storing blood”,“kidney being organ of water”and“kidney opening into 2 lower orifices”, such“viscera state”theories are helpful to correct position of hematuria in TCM, define the mechanism and correct the treatment; doctors in the past dynasties had development on this, which is proved by the modern clinic. [Conclusion]“Viscera state”theories in“Internal Classics”have important guiding meaning in TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria.

Now, parts of the medical personnel have some problems such as low professional moral accomplish-ment, lack of sense of responsibility, professional skills and post does not match, faith is not strong, and so on. The external environment and internal weakening sense for cultivation are the main reasons.Therefore, optimizing the external environment, improving the education system, strengthening medical personnel’ s values, could pro-mote the formation of medical staff’ s professional personality, and eventually led to a powerful implement of social-ist core values in medical practice.

The health hazards of arsenic are various. Since children are in the period of rapid growth and development, nervous system is more vulnerable to the arsenic exposure in the environment.Not only does it increase the incidence of the corresponding disease in each system, but also results in neurotoxicological impairments including poor cognitive performance and disturbances in visual perception, psychomotor speed, attention, speech and memory. The progress in the field of effects of arsenic on children's health were reviewed in this article, it introduced the background of arsenic, human exposure pathways, metabolism of the human body,health hazards to children and biological monitoring.

You ought to differentiate the cause, location, nature and trend of disease, for chronic nephritis. The causes inducing or worsening the disease can be exopathy, as well as internal injury, pathological substance and drug pathogenic factors; while the deficiency of Qi blood Yin Yang of organs is often the internal basis of the disease. The location mainly concerns lung, spleen, liver and kidney, esp. kidney. The nature is deficient root and excessive superficiality; its general trend mostly appears Qi deficiency-both deficiency of Qi and Yin(blood)- both deficiency of Yin and Yang, a discipline of gradual development, and wind, wetness, heat, stasis, sputum and toxin worsen the development of the disease.

Chronic nephritis is a common clinical refractory disease,with complex mechanism,hard and long to cure.The TCM treatment in Internal Classic has key guideline meaning and is proved in modern TCD pharmacology,such as "kidney governs spleen,spleen holds nutrition,dislikes dampness and governs outer guard" of spleen picture,etc.

Kidney disease is very general in clinic, most of it has complex mechanism and is refractory, often with demonstrations of edema, proteinuria and blood urine, and it often recurs and develops over insufficiency and pathogeny. Analyzing the clinical demonstrations and treatment of kidney disease with“lung viscera state”in“Internal Classics”, we can find the theories have guide meaning on treating and preventing the recurrence and development of kidney diseases, such as “upper energizer developing and distributing flavors of five cereals”on treating proteinuria, “lung stretching water channels and down-flowing bladder”on treating edema,“Shaoyin belonging to kidney which connects with lung”on treating blood urine.

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN)is an alliance of 21 world leading cancer centers in the U.S.A,working together to develop treatment guidelines for most cancers.The primary goal of all NCCN initiatives is to improve the quality,effectiveness,and efficiency of oncology practice so that patients can live better.The NCCN guidelines have become the most widely used in oncology practice.These guidelines are updated continually and are based upon evaluation of scientific data.The NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines have no Chinese version at present and were not yet used in our clinical practice.We are in an attempt to interpret the NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines in conjunction with our clinical practice in the management of esophageal cancer.