Penis is one of the most important components of male external genitalia.Congenital abnormalities and trauma may lead to genitourinary organ damage or default,which require reconstruction.With the development of tissue engineering(TE),penile corpora cavernosa tissue engineening has becoming the core of the penis reconstruction.Recent researches mainly focus on forming scaffolds and transplanting cells(including of endothelial cells and caveruosal smooth muscle cells). Recently, stem cell technology, gene therapy and nervous reconstructive techniques have been combined to promote the development of tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has been thought to be able to make possible the restoring and constructing of the structure and normal funetion of penile corpora cavernosa.This paper gives a review of the recent progress in associated researches on tissue engineering of the penile corpora cavernosa.

China ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Esophagus ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; methods ; trends

ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of gastric cancer under gastroscopy.Methods From Jan.2005 to Dec.2010,160 patients were diagnosed of gastric cancer by endoscopic biopsy.Clinical data of these patients were retrospectively summarized and analyzed.ResultsThere is a high rate of HP infection [71.25％ (114/160)]in the 160 cases with gastric cancer,especially in males,and the infection rate increased with age( Z =2.303,P =0.021 ).For the general morphology of gastric cancer,it was mainly Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ-types for those below or equals to 35 years old(9 cases).The rate of Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types reduced and that of BorrmannⅠ& Ⅱ types increased with age.The ratio of male to female with gastric cancer was 2.26:1.However,the incidence of gastric cancer was higher in young female compared with young males.With the increase of age,the rate of prevalence of gastric cancer grew higher in males than in females ( Z =3.599,P ＜0.001 ).Incidence of gastric fundus-cardia and corpus cancer increased with age.Most patients had low-differentiation adenocarcinoma despite the specific sites of gastric cancer.However,the incidence of low-differentiation adenocarcinoma decreased with age(x2 =9.831,P=0.042).ConclusionThe development of gastric cancer is closely associated with HP infection.For the general morphology of gastric cancer,Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types decrease and Borrmann Ⅰ & Ⅱ types increase with age.The incidence of gastric cancer in male and that located at proximal stomach are increased with age.Moreover,the incidence of high-grade malignant gastric cancer is increased with age.

Objecticve To study the immunogenicity and protective effecacy of MTB8.4 with signal peptide gene vaccine against TB in mice.Methods C57BL/6N!mice were vaccinated with MTB8.4 with signal peptide(MS) gene vaccine three times at 3 weeks intervals.Four weeks after the final vaccination,three mice were sacrificed to assess cytokine response and CTL induction and the other five mice were challenged intravenously in a lateral tail vein with(1?10~(6)) CFU of virulent M.tuberculosis H37Rv.Spleen and the left lung were harvested from each mouse 4 weeks after(infection) and homogenized in sterile saline.Serial dilutions of organ homogenates were plated on (L-J agar) and incubated(37 ℃) until colonies were visible 4 weeks later. Protective efficacy in each experiment was expressed as(reduced) CFU and was compared with the negative control group.The right lung was obtained from each mouse and(inflated) with and stored in 10% formalin saline immediately.Tissues were embedded in paraffin,sec-tioned(and stained) with hematoxylin and eosin.Results MS gene vaccine induced the secretion of more of Th1 cytokines(IFN-?and IL-2),but not IL-4 and enhanced CTL activity while BCG induced the secretion of both types of cytokines(IFN-?,IL-2 and IL-4).Mice immunized with MS gene vaccine had fewer and smaller tubercles than those immunized with PBS or control plasmid DNA,but had more tubercles than the mice inoculated with BCG.Virable bacterial counts in the lungs and spleens of mice receiving DNA encoding MS were reduced as compared with mice injected with PBS or control plasmid DNA,while increased as compared with mice immunized with BCG.Conclusion MS gene vaccine can induce secretion of Th1 cytokines and the higher protective efficacy against TB in mice.

Objective To observe the changes of neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) index and serum procalcitonin (PCT) in hemodialysis patients with bacterial pneumonia,and to evaluate the effect of these two indicators in the course of diagnosis and treatment.Methods Fifty-three cases of bacterial pneumonia undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled in this study from November 2012 to November 2016 (infection group).At the same time,56 patients undergoing hemodialysis without bacterial infection (noninfection group) and fifty volunteers (control group) were also enrolled.The infection pathogen distribution,changes of nCD64 index and serum PCT in three groups were analyzed.And the changes of nCD64 index and serun.PCT before and after treatment in the infection group were analyzed too.Results Totally 53 strains of pathogens in the infection group were isolated,including 36 strains of gram-positive bacteria (accounting for 67.92％) and 17 strains of gram-negative bacteria (accounting for 32.08％).The nCD64 index of infection group,non-infection group and control group were as following:4.13 ± 0.43,0.82 ± 0.08 and 0.78 ± 0.08,and the serum PCT levels of infection group,non-infection group and control group were as following:(3.64 ± 0.29),(0.45 ± 0.04) and (0.45-± 0.04) μg/L.There were significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).The nCD64 index before and after treatment of infection group were 4.13 ± 0.43 and 0.86 ± 0.09.And serum PCT level before and after treatment of infection group were (3.64 ± 0.29) and (0.74 ± 0.07) μg/L.There were significant differences (P＜0.01).Conclusions The nCD64 index and serum PCT are sensitive indicators to determine the happening of bacterial pneumonia in patients undergoing hemodialysis,and it provides critical evidence for the evaluation of treatment in patients.

There is a higher incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in China.During the past decades,esophageal surgery in China has achieved great development through the efforts of several generations of thoracic surgeons.At present there are still many difficulties and challenges for thoracic surgeons.This review will summarize current major difficulties in esophageal surgery and propose some possible solutions.

This paper analyses the existing problems in the clinical study of esophageal cancer at present.The author suggests that more attention should be paid to the clinical research for esophageal cancer and puts forward the feasible countermeasure and advices.

Objective: To analyze FPGA technology in diagnostic ultrasound B signal processing system in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further development of diagnostic ultrasound signal processing. Methods:Analysis of FPGA technology in diagnostic ultrasound signal processing system for the study through literature study to analyze the relevant principles. Results: FPGA to be more widely used in ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus in full. Conclusion: It comprehensively improved the reliability and flexibility of ultrasound diagnostic signal processing system, making the modular, miniature, diversification, serialization and the rapid development of digital direction.

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN)is an alliance of 21 world leading cancer centers in the U.S.A,working together to develop treatment guidelines for most cancers.The primary goal of all NCCN initiatives is to improve the quality,effectiveness,and efficiency of oncology practice so that patients can live better.The NCCN guidelines have become the most widely used in oncology practice.These guidelines are updated continually and are based upon evaluation of scientific data.The NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines have no Chinese version at present and were not yet used in our clinical practice.We are in an attempt to interpret the NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines in conjunction with our clinical practice in the management of esophageal cancer.

Objective] To explore the application of “viscera state”theory in “Internal Classics”in TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria. [Method] Clear up the“viscera state”theories in“Internal Classics”related to TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria, combining with concerned thesis of doctors in the past dynasties, to analyse its application value in clinic. [Result] “Heart joining with smal intestine through the meridian and col ateras”,“smal intestine being organ of receiving food and digestion”, “kidney connects lung upward”, “spleen storing Ying”, “spleen Qi disperseing essence and returning to lung upward”,“liver storing blood”,“kidney being organ of water”and“kidney opening into 2 lower orifices”, such“viscera state”theories are helpful to correct position of hematuria in TCM, define the mechanism and correct the treatment; doctors in the past dynasties had development on this, which is proved by the modern clinic. [Conclusion]“Viscera state”theories in“Internal Classics”have important guiding meaning in TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria.