Penis is one of the most important components of male external genitalia.Congenital abnormalities and trauma may lead to genitourinary organ damage or default,which require reconstruction.With the development of tissue engineering(TE),penile corpora cavernosa tissue engineening has becoming the core of the penis reconstruction.Recent researches mainly focus on forming scaffolds and transplanting cells(including of endothelial cells and caveruosal smooth muscle cells). Recently, stem cell technology, gene therapy and nervous reconstructive techniques have been combined to promote the development of tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has been thought to be able to make possible the restoring and constructing of the structure and normal funetion of penile corpora cavernosa.This paper gives a review of the recent progress in associated researches on tissue engineering of the penile corpora cavernosa.

Objectives To investigate the specific site for measuring inferior alveolar nerve canal (IANC) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT),and to provide reference data of the course of the IANC of the crowd.Methods This study was a retrospective data analysis.One hundred and thirty CBCT cases were measured and compared after classification by gender and age (65 men and 65 women,65 middle age and 65 youth).Since the proximal center of the mental foramen area,the cross-section at which the mental hole just completely breaks the buccal cortical bone was defined as S1,and S2,S3,S4 were defined as cross-sections with 1-cm apart from each other since S1.L1,L2,L3,and L4 were measured as the distance from specific sites on the outer wall of the IANC to the alveolar crest,the outer wall of lingual lateral cortical bone,the mandibular minimum margin,and the outer wall of buccal cortical bone.The results were analyzed using independent samples t test,with P＜0.05 being considered statistically significant.Results On the right IANC S2L1,S3L1,S4L1,S2L2,S3L2,S4L2,S1L3,S3L4,the 8 groups of L values measured on these 8 sites,all showed differences between genders (P＜0.05).So did the 10 groups of L values measured on the left IANC S1L1,S2L1,S3L1,S4L1,S1L2,S3L2,S4L2,S2L3,S3L3,S4L4 (P＜0.05).The middle age group and the youth group were statistically different for the data measured on the right IANC S2L4 (P＜0.05).This was the same case for the data measured on the left IANC S1L3.When classified according to gender,L1 in the S1 to S4 sections firstly increased and then decreased,and eventually decreased.The change pattern of L3 was opposite to that of L1.L2 in the S1 to S4 sections firstly decreased and then decreased,and eventually increased.The change pattern of L4 was opposite to that of L2.When the samples were classified according to age,the change pattern L value in the S1 to S4 sections was the same as that under gender classification.Conclusions The effect of gender on the L value of individuals is relatively great,while the effect of age on the L value of individuals value is very small.Setting the corresponding long axis of mandible as a reference,the change pattern of IANC in the mandible can be deduced based on the change of L value from S 1 to S4:from S1 to S4,the course of IANC on the vertical direction is firstly downward,tben turns to upward and goes upward;from S1 to S4,the trend of IANC on the horizontal direction is firstly toward the side of tongue,and eventually turns towards the buccal side.The current study provides reference data for IANC-related anatomy from the mandibular foramen to the mandibular second molars.

Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; Humans

Health Personnel ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Immunization

Critical Illness ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Humans

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hepacivirus ; genetics ; Hepatitis C ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Hepatitis C Antibodies ; blood ; Humans

Hepatitis E ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis E virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines ; immunology

ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of gastric cancer under gastroscopy.Methods From Jan.2005 to Dec.2010,160 patients were diagnosed of gastric cancer by endoscopic biopsy.Clinical data of these patients were retrospectively summarized and analyzed.ResultsThere is a high rate of HP infection [71.25％ (114/160)]in the 160 cases with gastric cancer,especially in males,and the infection rate increased with age( Z =2.303,P =0.021 ).For the general morphology of gastric cancer,it was mainly Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ-types for those below or equals to 35 years old(9 cases).The rate of Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types reduced and that of BorrmannⅠ& Ⅱ types increased with age.The ratio of male to female with gastric cancer was 2.26:1.However,the incidence of gastric cancer was higher in young female compared with young males.With the increase of age,the rate of prevalence of gastric cancer grew higher in males than in females ( Z =3.599,P ＜0.001 ).Incidence of gastric fundus-cardia and corpus cancer increased with age.Most patients had low-differentiation adenocarcinoma despite the specific sites of gastric cancer.However,the incidence of low-differentiation adenocarcinoma decreased with age(x2 =9.831,P=0.042).ConclusionThe development of gastric cancer is closely associated with HP infection.For the general morphology of gastric cancer,Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types decrease and Borrmann Ⅰ & Ⅱ types increase with age.The incidence of gastric cancer in male and that located at proximal stomach are increased with age.Moreover,the incidence of high-grade malignant gastric cancer is increased with age.

Objective To compare the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with diabetes treated with actrapid monotard analog or actrapid monotard. Methods One hundred and twenty patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into actrapid monotard analog group and actrapid monotard group with 60 cases in each by admission number. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG), HbA1c were obtained and analyzed. Results The overall cure rate were similar between actrapid monotard analog group and actrapid monotard group (83.3%, 50/60 vs. 86.7%, 52/60, P ＞ 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in FBG, 2hPBG before treatment between two groups (P ＞ 0.05),but there was significant difference at 2 weeks after treatment between two groups (P ＜ 0.05 ) . There was no significant difference in HbA1c before treatment between two groups (P＞ 0.05 ) ,but there was significant difference at 3 months after treatment between two groups (P ＜ 0.05 ). FBG, 2hPBG, HbA1c after treatment were improved compared with before treatment in two groups (P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusion Actrapid monotard analog provides better blood glucose control compare with actrapid monotard while providing the convenience of injecting immediately before meals.

Objective To investigate the clinical management and therapeutic strategy for patients with pseudobulbar paralysis post stroke. Methods To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 157 patients poststroke whom were in convalescence stage. Then patients with pseudobulbar paralysis were selected and whose epidemiology feature and treatment effect were analyzed. Results In 157 patients,55 patients(35.0%) were complicated with pseudobulbar paralysis,among whom,26 patients(26/55,47.3%) with hemorrhagic stroke,including basal ganglia hemorrhage 6(6/26,23. 0%) , cerebellar hemorrhage 12 (12/26,46. 2%) and brain stem hemorrhage 8 (8/26,30. 8%).29 patients suffered ischemic stroke(29/55,52.7%) ,including 9 cases with corticalis(9/29,31.0%),13 with brain stem infarction(13/29,44.8%) and 7 with cerebellar infarction(7/29,24. 2%). Among all the patients,32(32/55,58.2%) cases lesion were multiple and 23 cases(23/55,41. 8%) were simple. In the field of treatment effect of all patients,41 cases(42/55,76.4%) were with excellence, 11 with utility(11/55,20%) and 2 with inefficiency (2/55,3.6%). Conclusion The comprehensive management and compatible medical treatment should be the compatible clinical management and therapeutic strategy for patients with pseudobulbar paralysis post stroke.