Objective To establish an improved model of exercise-induced glycometabolism in type II diabetic rats,and to provide a theoretical reference for the establishment of exercise prescription for type II diabetes.Methods Forty-five 8-week old SPF male Wistar rats were used in this study.Of which 32 were fed with high-fat diet for 7 weeks,and intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg STZ was given to establish the rat model of type II diabetes.The normal rats and successful model rats were divided into four groups:The normal control group (C group),normal exercise group (CE group),diabetic group (DM group) and diabetic exercise group (DME group).The exercise group was assigned by the Ploug training protocol,6 days/week,60 min/day,for a total of 8 weeks.After the high fat diet fed for 7 weeks,blood sample was taken from the tail vein,FBG and serum insulin were detected after baseline and 8 weeks exercise,and blood sample was collected from the tail vein to determine the FBG.Serum insulin (FINS) was detected by orbital blood sampling at the end of 8 weeks of exercise,and HOMA-IR was calculated.Results 1.After 7 weeks of high fat diet,compared with the groups C and CE,the levels of FBG,FINS and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the DM and DME groups.2.After 8 weeks of exercise intervention,compared with the groups C and CE,FINS was significantly lower in the groups DM and DME,but the FBG and HOMA-IR were higher.Compared with the DM group,the level of FINS was significantly higher in the DME group,and the levels of FBG and HOMA-IR were significantly lower.The body weights of DM and DME groups were significantly lower than those of the groups Cand CE,the body weight had no significant difference between the DME and DM groups,and similar result was between the groups CE and C.Conclusions 1.The rat model of type II diabetes is successfully established with high fat diet for 7 weeks plus STZ injection(30 mg/mL).2.Aerobic exercise 60 min/day for a total of 8 weeks can improve the glycometabolism in type 2 diabetic rats,to be an ideal animal model for study of the mechanism of prevention and amelioration of type II diabetes.

AIM:To explore the influence of long-term swimming on peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic rats.METHODS:Male Wistar rats were fed with a high-fat and high-fructose diet, and injected with streptozocin to estab-lish a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:blank control group (C group), ex-ercise control group ( CE group ) , diabetes mellitus group ( DM group ) and diabetes mellitus +exercise group ( DME group).The rats in CE group and DME group received 8-week swimming training (6 d/week).The training time was 20, 30 and 45 min in the first 3 d,respectively, and then it increased to 60 min a day.Eight weeks later, the motor nerve conduc-tion velocity ( MNCV ) and the levels of tumor necrosis factor α( TNF-α) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) and C-reactive protein ( CRP) in sciatic nerve tissues of the rats were measured .The morphological changes of the sciatic nerve were also observed under light microscope .RESULTS:Compared with DM group , 8-week swimming obviously accelerated the MNCV ( P<0.05), decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in DME group (but no significant difference, P>0.05).The obvi-ous nerve injury in DM group was observed .However , the pathological change of the sciatic nerve in DME group was re-lieved.CONCLUSION:Eight-week swimming training significantly accelerates the MNCV , attenuates the nerve injury in diabetic rats and has protective effect on peripheral nerve , which may be correlated with relieving the inflammatory reaction .

Type 1 diabetes mellitus ( T1DM) is mostly an autoimmune disease. The combined effects of genetic and environmental factors lead to progressive islet beta cell functional failure and lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin therapy. Numerous studies have shown that regular physical exercise may reduce the daily insulin dose in patients with T1DM and patients need to be clear how to safely increase their physical activity, and incorporate more independent physical activity into daily life. At the same time, they should master the contraindications in order to avoid the risks of movement. Currently a recommendation for all T1DM patients is engaging in at least 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise, sustainability or high-intensity interval training, combined with resistance training such as resistance machines and bands, as well as other stretching and balance exercises such as yoga, tai chi, for 3 to 7 times per week, which is depended on the physical condition of patients and the exercise intensity, besides resistance training can be performed on nonconsecutive days.

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition was reviewed and approved by the National Medical Products Administration and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China in July 2020.The current edition was officially implemented on December 30,2020.The general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia discuss the general testing methods and guidelines,which are the common re-quirements and basis for the implementation of drug standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Owing to adherence to the principles of scientificity,versatility,operability,and sustainable development,there is an improvement in the general chapters of the 2020 edition over those of the previous editions.Further,the application of advanced and mature analytical techniques has expanded,the development of testing methods for exogenous pollutants in traditional Chinese medicines has been strengthened,and technical requirements are now better harmonized with international standards.The updated edition provides technical and methodological support to ensure safety,effectiveness,and control of pharmaceuticals in China and will play an important and active role in encouraging the application of advanced technolo-gies,improving the quality control of medicines,and strengthening the means of drug regulation in China.This review provides a comprehensive introduction of the main features of and changes to the general chapters in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition and aims to provide reference for its correct understanding and accurate implementation.