Objective To investigate the appearance,causes and countermeasures of the image artifacts in a computed radiographic system.Methods Random 1968 CR images were analyzed by GE Radworks.Results Among the 1,968 images which were choosed at random,66 images with artifacts were found and processed.The artifacts in computed radiographic system are relevant to system software and hardware,dust as well as operators.Conclusion Familiarization with the appearance and causes of CR image artifacts helps to prevent or reduce artifacts.

Objective To investigate the relationship between bacteria biofilm and bacterial culture in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods Ninety patients with CRS were enrolled in the study. Five patients with deviation of nasal septum and 10 healthy subjects served as controls. Mucosa of uncinate process or near the ostium of the maxillary sinus was obtained during endoscopic sinus surgery. All specimens were processed for bacterial culture and scanned by electron microscopy. Pearson test was performed to analyze the relationship between the presence of bacterial biofilm and the results of bacteria culture. Results The scanning electron microscopy showed bacterial biofilms in 64 (71.1%) out of 90patients with CRS, while the positive rate of bacteria culture in the study group was 66.7% (60/90). No bacterial biofilm and bacterium was detected in the control group and 26 culture-negative individuals in study group. Pearson correlation analysis showed a statistically association between bacterial biofilm and bacterial culture in CRS ( r = 0. 901, P = 0. 000). Conclusion Positive results of bacteria culture are highly correlated with the presence of bacterial biofilm in CRS patients.

Objective To analyze the impact of parotid's position and volume changing on radiation dose for head and neck cancer treated with TomoTherapy.Methods Totally 12 patients with head and neck cancer were treated with TomoTherapy.Before the treatment,the dose distribution was recalculated with MVCT images,which would obtain the parameters of position,volume and actual radiation dose for parotids.Results The volume of parotids in Plan2 was significantly lower than in Plan1,and the percentage reduction was 29.06％ and 31.78％ for left and right parotid,respectively (Z =6.77,3.06,P ＜ 0.05).Distance between the COM (center of mass) of parotids and the midline of body was significantly smaller in Plan2 than in Plan1,and the percentage reduction was 6.72％ and 6.19％ (t =5.14,5.80,P ＜ 0.05) at left and right side,respectively.Average dose and V26 for both parotids were higher than those in Plan1,increasing by an average of 37.74％,25.08％ (Z =-6.03,-5.31,P ＜ 0.05) for left parotid and 30.45％,19.33％ (Z =-5.43,-3.26,P ＜0.05) for right parotid,respectively.Conclusions The actual radiation dose to parotids was significantly increased during the radiation therapy for patients with head and neck cancer.There was a linear correlation between the decrease of distance between the COM of parotids and the midline of body and the percentage increase of parotids' radiation dose.No correlation between the reduction of parotids' volume and dose to parotids.In order to reduce the parotids' radiation dose,modification of treatment plan at the appropriate time is essential.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the MRL/lpr mice. Methods MRL/lpr mice were divided into HCQ, the artesunate (ART) and proteinuria was detected with Coomassi Brilliant blue method. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the anti-doubM-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) antibody. Renal tissue sections were dyed By PAS methods. The percentage of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes were detected by flow 2.0) mg groups were decreased than in the control group (4.8±3.2) mg (P<0.05). And it was also lower in the HCQ (2.8±1.1) mg and ART (2.4±1.9) mg group than in the control group (6.4±1.9) mg (P<0.01) at 30 in the control group (37.1±1.0) g (P<0.01), while serum creatinine decreased significantly (7.8±4.0) μmol/L than in the control group (12.5±2.3) μmol/L (P<0.05), and the serum anti ds-DNA antibodies levels (3047±renal damage in the HCQ group and in the ART group was Both significantly improved than that in the entages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in spleen when compared with the control group (1.5±0.5)% (P<0.05). The mice in the HCQ group (0.68±0.33)% and in the ART group (0.97±0.28)% had higher percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in lymph nodes as compared with control group (2.15±0.72)%(P<0.01). Conclusion HCQ is effective in treating MRL/lpr lupus mice. It can improve the pathologic lesions of lupus nephritis, reduce proteinuria and antibody production. Both HCQ and ART can up-regulate the percentage of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in spleen of MRL/lpr mice.

Objective To investigate the muhilineage differentiation potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymM stem eels (MSCs) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods Density gradient centrifugation and plastic adherence methods were used for isolation of marrow-derived MSCs.Then tIIeir differentiation potentiality to lipoblasts and osteoblasts waft tested.MSCs loading on hydroxyapatite were elnbedded in the nude mouse's subcutaneous tissues.Eight weeks later.osteogenesis was evaluated by HE staining.PPA Rγ2,LPL,Runx2/CBFA1,osteocalcin gene expression in MSCs after differentiation were examined by RT-PCR.Results The positive rates of lipoblasts stained by oil red O and optical density in SLE were decreased than in the control group[(35±7)% vs (80±5)%] (0.14±0.04 vs 0.27±0.04),and the positive rates of osteoblasts stained by Alizarin Red S in SLE were decreased than those in the control group [(35±4)% vs (45±4)%].Osteoblast differentiation in the SLE group was less than that of the contro]group.The mRNA expression of LPL (0.369±0.020 vs 0.481±0.038).Runx2/CBFA1 (0.371±0.000 vs 0.563±0.069).osteoealcin (0.819±0.023 vs 0.962±0.049) of MSCs after difierentiation in the SLE group was decreased than that of the control group.There was no significant difference in the expression of PPARγ2 mRNA between SLE and controI group (0.421±0.052 vs 0.441±0.012).Conelusion MSCs from SLE have abnormalities in osteogenie and adipogenic differentiation potential.

Objective To investigate the in vivo or in vitro immune regulatory effects of allogeneic bone-marrow mesenchymal stem ceils (MSC) and human umbilical cord MSC on CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in the spleen of MRL/Ipr mice. Methods Human MSC were isolated and expanded from bone marrow cells of healthy donors and infused into five SLE patients. The percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared by centrifugation on a Ficoll Hypaque density gradient. The MSC and PBMC from unrelated donors (MSC:PBMC =1:1,1:10,1:50) were added into 24-well plates. After 72h of co-culture, the percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells were detected by flow cytome- try. Twenty four 18-week-old MRL/Ipr female mice were divided into 3 groups and were injected with umbilical cord MSC (1×106 cells for one time, 1×106 cells for three times and 0.5 ml sodium chloride as control respectively). The percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in spleen and lymphoid nodes were detected by flow cytometry. Results The percentages of blood CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells at one week (4.8± 1.6)% and at three months (6.0±2.6)% post MSC transplantation for patients with SLE were both higher than that before transplantation (2.1±1.2)% (n=5,P<0.05). The co-culture of normal bone marrow MSC with PBMC from SLE patients resulted in a statistically significant increase of CD+ Foxp3+ T cells percentage in PBMC on a dose dependent manner (P<0.05). The percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells of PBMC from SLE patients co-cultured with lupus MSC were lower than that of normal MSC (P<0.05). The cultured supematant of normal MSC also upregulated the percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells of PBMC from SLE patients (P<0.05). The MRL/lpr mice that had been injected umbilical cord MSC for one time and three times had higher percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+T cells in the spleen but lower in the lymphoid nodes as compared with controls (P<0.01), but without statistical significant difference. Conclusion Allogeneic or heterogeneie MSC transplantation upregulates the percentages of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in SLE patients or in MRL/Ipr mice. Upregnlation of Treg population may be one of the mechanisms of MSC transplantation that is effective for SLE treatment.

Objective To explore ultrastructure and cytoskeleton characteristics of bone marrow-deftved mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods MSCs were isolated from bone marrow of 2 SLE patients and 2 healthy controls.Their ultrastrnctures were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM).The expression pattern of actin and vinculin was assessed by laser confocal microscopy (LCM).Results MSCs in patients with SLE presented with signs of ageing and lots of autophagosome could be found in most of the cells.F-actin was aggregated and condensed at the:border of cytoplasm.Vinculin was arranged disorderly and condensed in the cytoplasm.Conclusion The change of uhrastructure and cytoskeleton patterns of bone marrow derived mesenchymal cells of SLE patients may play an important role in the abnormal proliferation of these cells in vitro.

Background and purpose: Adequate tissue ifxation, transparent dewaxing is an important step of hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining and lfuorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in detection of breast cancerHER-2 gene. The purpose of this study was to make a comparison between poly hydroxyl acrylic acid which is an environmen-tally friendly ifxation liquid and 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde in tissue ifxation for HE staining and FISH to detect theHER-2 gene in the breast cancer tissue sections. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of replacing 4% buffered formaldehyde, a traditional ifxation liquid, with the poly hydroxyl acrylic acid, an environmentally friendly ifxation lfuid.Methods:This project was performed on tissue samples collected from 69 cases of breast cancer, 41 cases of breast ifbroadenoma, 40 cases of uterine leiomyoma, 25 cases of cervical tissue, 25 cases of placenta obtained from the outpatient and inpatient departments of Zhongshan Boai Hospital from Mar. 2011 to Jan. 2015, from each of which two samples were drawn and two blocks of each specimen were divided into two groups randomly. Then one group was ifxed with 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde and made into 200 sections by HE while the other group was ifxed with poly hydroxyl acrylic acid and made into another 200 sections. The slice level of the two groups was determined by the staining condition of the sections, and SPSS 19.0 was employed to compare the excellent and good rate of HE staining. Additional 69 sections were produced with two groups of breast invasive ductal carcinoma tissues, and SPSS 19.0 was used to detect the ampliifcation ofHER-2 gene by FISH.Results:First, the number of best-quality slices stained with HE ifxed separately by poly hydroxyl acrylic acid and 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde was 155 and 166, respectively. The number of excellent pieces was 41 and 33, respectively, while the number of mediocre pieces was 3 and 1 with bad pieces being 1 and 0, respectively. The excellent and good rates of HE staining were 98% and 99.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (χ2=1.33,P>0.05).Second, the positive rates of the tis-sue slices by FISH ifxed separately by poly hydroxyl acrylic acid and 4% neutral buffered were 26.09% and 23.19%, respectively. There was no signiifcant difference between the two groups (χ2=0.50,P>0.05).Conclusion:The results obtained with HE staining and FISH using poly hydroxyl acrylic acid as a ifxation liquid are not signiifcantly different from those using 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde. Therefore, poly hydroxyl acrylic acid meets the requirements of environmental protection, and thus has the potential to be promoted and widely used.

Objective:To observe the difference of the human telomeres RNA component (hTERC) genes’amplification in the cervical tissue by applying the environment-friendly fixative poly hydroxy acrylic acid and the transparent dewaxing solution Van-clear separately or jointly to replace the traditional fixative 4% (volume fraction)neutral buffered formalin and the conventional transparent dewaxing solu-tion xylene in the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)for detection.Methods:In the study, 255 cases of cervical tissue specimens submitted by the Department of Gynecology in Zhongshan Boai Ho-sipital were collected from Mar.2013 to Apr.2015.Four samples were taken from the same lesion site. All the cases were divided into 4 groups and named group A,B,C,and D.Group A used 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed and xylene dewaxing to make slices.Group B used poly hydroxy acrylic fixed and xylene dewaxing to make slices.Group C used 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed and Van-clear trans-parent to make slices.Group D used poly hydroxy acrylic fixed and Van-clear transparent dewaxing to make slices.The amplification of hTERC genes in the four groups of cervical specimens was also detected by FISH technique.Results:When the hTERC genes were detected by FISH method under the fluore-scence microscope,it was obvious that the tissue profile and the background of group A,B,C and D were all clear.The probe was fixed in the accurate position so that the bright red or green fluorescence signals were easily found in these four groups.Compared with the positive rate of group A,there was no statistical significance in that of group B,C and D (P>0.05).At the same time,the coincidence rate of the FISH results was high,which showed that the new environment-friendly reagent had no significant difference in the detection of cervical hTERC genes by FISH technique.Conclusion:It is possible for the environment-friendly reagent poly hydroxy acrylic acid and Van-clear to replace 4%neutral buffered for-malin and xylene separately or jointly to detect the cervical hTERC genes by adopting FISH technique.

Objeefive To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of allogenic bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation(MSCT) in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).Methods Eleven patients with refractory SLE(nine females and two males aged from 16～41 years(mean 25±8).were entailed in the study.The infcIrmed consents which were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Naniing University Medical School were obtained from all participants.Bone marrow of healthy donors were obtained and the mesenchymal stem cells(MSC)were expanded in vitro.Each patient was infused MSC 1×106/kg body weight intravenously.Before MSCT.all patients were administrated with cvclophosphamide (CTX)800～1800 mg divided by two to three days.The clinical manifestations and laboratory tests were compared before and after MSCT.Results The eleven patients were followed up for one to thirteen months after MSCT.A11 patients did not develop transplantation related complications.The systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI)score decreased from 1 1.7±5.1 to 5.6±3.4 one month after MSCT(n=11,P＜0.01).Ufine protein excretion decreased from(1989+842)mg/24 h to(1118±700)mg/24 h one month after MSCT(n=10,P=0.02).Five patients were followed up for six months and their urine protein excretion decreased significantly [(522±151)mg/24 h vs (2478±797)rag/24 h.n=5.P＜0.01j.The serum albumin level of 5 patients with hypoalbuminemia increased gradually one month after MSCT [(28±6)g/L vs (32±7)g/L,n=5,P＜0.05].Serum complement C3 level increased from(0.50±0.12) g/L to(0.75±0.10)g/L (n=9.P＜0.01) and their anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titer decreased one month after MSCT.In two patients with chronic renal failure.the serum creatinine decreased gradually.Conclusion Allogenic MSCT is an effective and safe approach for the treatment of refractory SLE.However.extensive follow-up study is needed for long-term benefit evaluation.