ObjectiveToexplorethestabilityofratmodelsofsubduralhematomapreparedbysubduralinjection of different volumes of autologous blood .Methods The rats were randomly divided into sham group (36), 300μL blood group, 500 μL blood group, and 700 μL blood group (each group 60 rats).The rats of model groups received subdural injection of 300 μL, 500 μL, or 700 μL autologous blood, respectively.At the postoperative 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 14th days, blood samples were taken from the abnormal aorta , and the brains were taken out for gross examination and taking photographs , six rats were used for each time .Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) was performed to determine the content of serum NSE and S100B proteins in the rats in each group.Results Compared with the sham operation group, the serum NSE in the 300μL group was significantly increased at the 2nd and 4th days (P<0.01), and then gradually reduced at the 6th and 8th days (P<0.05), indicating that the hematoma began to disappear , and at the 10th and 14th days returned to a similar level of the sham operation group (P>0.05).In the 500 μL and 700 μL blood groups, the NSE contents at 2nd, 6th, 8th, 10th and 14th days were significantly increased ( P <0.01 ), but not significantly increased at the 4th day ( P >0.05 ).The content of S100B protein in the 300 μL blood group was significantly higher at the fourth day (P<0.01), lower at the 2nd and 6th days (P<0.05), and at 8th, 10th and 14th days was similar to that in the sham operation group ( P >0.05 for all ) , indicating that the hematoma disappeared gradually, and the damages repaired .The S100B protein content of the 500 μL and 700 μL blood groups was constantly kept at a higher level ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusions Compared with the 300 μL ad 700 μL blood groups , the rat model of subdural hematoma developed by subdural injection of 500 μL autologous blood is the best , and can be used for studies of rat subdural hematoma .

Aim To assess the regulatory effects of Po-lygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides(PSP)on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4 )-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)signaling path-way in anoxia /reoxygenation-H9c2 myocardial cells. Methods The H9c2 myocardial cells cultured in vitro were randomly divided into groups:control group (C group),hypoxia /reoxygenation group (H/R group), PSP group,TLR4 inhibitor group(TAK-242 group)and PSP +TLR4 inhibitor group(PSP +TAK-242 group). The cells were cultured in normal condition for 27 h in C group.The cells were subjected to 21 h hypoxia fol-lowed by 6 h reoxygenation in H/R.Definitely,the cells in TAK-242,PSP and PSP +TAK-242 groups were treated with PSP and TAK-242 with the final con-centration of 1 .5 g·L -1 and 1 μmol·L -1 for 1 2 h before 21 h hypoxia,then the cells were exposed to the normal culture condition for another 6 h.After the treatment,cell survival rate was tested by MTT method. The contents of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-1 β(IL-1 β)were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The protein ex-pression levels of NF-κB and inhibitor κBα(IκBα) were detected by Western blot,and the expression lev-els of TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA were detected by fluo-rescence quantitative PCR method.Results Compared with H/R group,the cell survival rates were significant-ly increased,while the inflammatory cytokines contents and NF-κB protein expression were dramatically de-creased in groups PSP,TAK-242 and PSP +TAK-242, whereas the NF-κB expression was significantly down-regulated,and the IκBα protein expression was in-creased.The mRNA expression levels of TLR4 and MyD88 were markedly decreased.Conclusion PSP might protect H9c2 myocardial cells against H/R inju-ry,which may be associated with the inhibition of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway.

Objective To investigate the lipid hepatoprotective effect of silibinin on high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) rat model and provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of silibinin on NAFL.Methods The NAFL rat model was established by administration of high fat emulsion and high fat diet.Rats in control group was treated with saline and normal diet.The model rats were randomly divided into model group,simvastatin (positive drug,1.8 mg/kg) group,Silibinin groups with low,middle and high doses (18.9,37.8 and 75.6 mg/kg).From the fifth week,NAFLrats were treated with different drugsonce a day for eight weeks.All rats were anaesthetized after final administration,Livertissues were weighed for the calculation of hepatic coefficient The hepatic morphology was observed through HE staining.Serum was obtained from abdominal aortic blood for detection of triglyceride separation (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high density lipoprotein (HDL),low-density lipoprotein (LDL),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.Results After eight-week treatment,compared with model group,middle and high doses of silibinin could significantly improve the hepatic steatosis.The levels of hepatic coefficient,serum TC,TG,AST and ALT in rats treated with individual dose of Silibinin were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05,0.01).Particularly,high dose of silibinin significantly reduced LDL level whereas elevated HDL level in serum (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Silibinin has a therapeutic effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver rats,and possible mechanism is related to lipid-lowering and hepatic protection.

Experimentalanimalsareimportantbasisforlifescienceresearchanddevelopment.Alongwiththe continuous development of science and technology , new technology and new ideas emerging , treatment and protection of animals during experiments are important condition to ensure the scientific results accurate and reliable , so scientists have paid more attention to the issues of animal welfare and protection .This article summarizes the animal treatment and protection measures during experiments based on both own work and experience and knowledge of other scientists .