AIM: To examine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the neuroprotection by mitochondrial ATP- sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATp) in rat hippocampal slices during hypoxia. METHODS: The technique of elec-trophysiology was used, and the latency to hypoxic depolarization (HD) and the amplitude of population spike (PS) in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region were measured. RESULTS: Pretreatment of the slices with diazoxide (DIA, a mitoKATP opener, at concentration of 300 ?mol/L) , prolonged the latency to HD, delayed the onset of PS disappearance and improved the recovery of PS after reoxygenation. The effects induced by DIA were attenuated by 5 - hydroxydecanoic acid (a mitoKATP blocker, at concentration of 200 ?mol/L). Pretreatment with N - 2 - mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG, a ROS scavenger, at concentration of 500 ?mol/L), also abrogated the effects induced by DIA, while treatment of MPG alone had no effect on PS and HD. CONCLUSION: ROS participates in neuroprotection offered by mitoKATp opener during hypoxia.

Objective To observe the principles of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing mouse cochlear sensory epithelium, and investigate correlation with differentiation of hair cells.Methods The developing inner ears of C57BL/6 embryonic mice,aged from eighth embryonic day (E8) to just natal mice (P0), were observed by transmission electron microscope.Results Cochlear primordium arose at E10. After E14, sensory epithelia began to differentiate. Corti primordium arose at E16, and shapes of supporting and hair cells tend to mature. But the organ of Corti was still poorly developed at P0. Meanwhile Cell karyokinesis of the cochlea arose at E11 ,then gradually increased. But it began to decrease from E14. Cell apoptosis arose at E13.It reached its peak from E14 to E15,then it began to decrease gradually.Conclusion Cell proliferation and apoptosis were inevitable in the developing mouse cochlea.Cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and differentiation of hair cells consequently arose and overlapped each other. Homeostasis between cell proliferation and apoptosis has an important role in the developing mouse cochlear sensory epithelium.

AIM: The effects of low-glucose on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of hippocapal slices of immature (15-16 days old) and adult (56-63 days old) rats were examined. METHODS: The technique of electrophysiology was used, and the slopes of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (S-EPSP) were measured. RESULTS: When slices were exposed to glucose medium at concentrations of 3 or 1.5 mmol/L, S-EPSP decreased significantly. In the slices from adult rats, only short-term potentiation was elicited by high frequency stimulation in the medium of 3 or 1.5 mmol/L glucose. However, in the slices from immature rats, LTP was still induced in the medium of 3 mmol/L glucose. CONCLUSION: Low-glucose medium depressed the synaptic transmission. In terms of the synaptic plasticity, the low-glucose endurance in immature rats was stronger than that in adult rats.

Objective:To analyze the clinical manifestations and the diagnosis of the facial nerve tumor according to the clinical information, and evaluate the different surgical approaches depending on tumor location.Method:Twenty-seven cases of facial nerve tumors with general clinical informations available from 1999.9 to 2006.12 in the Shanghai EENT Hospital were reviewed retrospectively.Result:Twenty(74.1%) schwannomas,4 (14.8%)neuofibromas ,and 3(11.1%)hemangiomas were identified with histopathology postoperatively.During the course of the disease,23 patients(85.2%)suffered facial paralysis,both hearing loss and tinnitus affected 11 (40.7%)cases,5(18.5%)manifested infra-auricular mass and the others showed some of otalgia or vertigo or ear fullness or facial numbness/twitched. CT or/and MRI results in 24 cases indicated that the tumors originated from the facial nerve.Intra-operative findings showed that 24(88.9%)cases involved no less than 2 segments of the facial nerve,of these 24 cases 87.5%(21/24)involved the mastoid protion,70.8%(17/24)involved the tympanic protion, 62.5%(15/24)involved the geniculate ganglion, only 4.2%(1/24)involved the internal acoustic canal(IAC),and 3 cases (11.1%)had only one segments involved. In all of these 27 cases ,the tumors were completely excised,of which 13 were resected followed by an immediate facial nerve reconstruction,including 11 sural nerve cable graft,1 facial nerve end-to-end anastomosis and 1 hypoglossal-facial nerve end-to-end anastomosis.Tumors were removed with preservation of facial nerve continuity in 2 cases.Conclusion:Facial nerve tumor is a rare and benign lesion,and has numerous clinical manifestations.CT and MRI can help surgeons to make a right diagnosis preoperatively.When and how to give the patients an operation depends on the patients individually.

Objective To determine the adverse effects of fetal growth restriction (FGR) on the development of fetal cerebral function.Methods Sixty small for gestational age (SGA) and 40 appropriate gestational age (AGA) infants with a gestational age ranging from 37 weeks to 40+6 weeks who were hospitalized in the Ba Yi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Beijing Military General Hospital were included in this study.Patients with fetal distress,birth asphyxia,hyperspasmia,intracranial hemorrhage,periventricular leukomalacia,intracranial infection,septicemia and congenital abnormalities were excluded from the study.Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) was used to monitor the baby's cerebral function within three days after birth.The monitoring time was two to four hours in each infant.The observational indices included continuity,sleep wake cycling (SWC),interburst interval (IBI),minimum voltage and maximum voltage.Student's t test,Chi-square test and analysis of variance were used to compare differences between the groups.Results Continuity:the frequency ofaEEG continuity in the SGA and AGA groups was 15.0％ (9/60) and 70.0％ (28/40),respectively (x2=31.14,P=0.00).SWC:the frequency of aEEG SWC in the SGA and AGA groups was 15.0％ (9/60) and 70.0％ (28/40) (x2=31.14,P-0.00).IBI:the frequency of IBI in the SGAandAGAgroups was (14.55±0.75) s and (5.09±0.89) s (t=57.21,P=0.00).Maximum voltage:the maximum voltage in the SGA and AGA groups was (10.40± 2.61) t V and (16.42± 5.53) μ V (t=-6.43,P=0.00).Minimum voltage:the minimum voltage in the SGA and AGA groups was (4.02± 1.61) μ V and (6.98±3.82) μV (t=4.63,P=0.00).Lower birth weight,hypoglycemia (without hypoglycemic encephalopathy) or hyperbilirubinemia (without bilirubin encephalopathy) had no significant influence on fetal cerebral function (all P＞0.05).Conclusions SGA infants have poor continuity,absence of SWC,longer IBI,and lower maximum and minimum voltage,which suggests that FGR,to an extent,has an adverse influence on the development of fetal cerebral function.

Objective: To compare the long term prognosis between revascularization (REV) and medical therapy (MP) in patients with three-vessel disease (3VD) with or without left main (LM) lesion.
Methods: A total of 4,875 consecutive patients with elective coronary angiography (CAG) diagnosed 3VD with or without LM lesion treated in our hospital from 2007-01 to 2008-12 were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into 2 groups: MT group,n=705 (14.5%) and REV group,n=4170 (85.5%). The all cause mortality and the rate of revascularization during follow-up period were compared between 2 groups by inverse-probability-weighting approach with propensity score.
Results: There were 3962/4875 (81.3%) patients with simple 3VD (right, left anterior descending and left circumlfex coronary arteries) and 913 (18.7%) with 3VD+LM lesion. The in-hospital mortality was similar between 2 groups (OR=0.7, 95% CI 0.3-1.4,P=0.30). With the longest 2-year follow-up study, the adjusted all cause mortality and the rate of revascularization in MT group were both higher than those in REV group (HR=8.3, 95% CI 6.7-11.1,P<0.001) and (HR=1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.6,P<0.001). No matter the patients with simple 3VD or 3VD+LM lesion, compared with REV group, MT group had the higher all cause mortality, for 3VD+LM lesion (HR=10.4, 95% CI 7.1-15.4,P<0.001) and for simple 3VD (HR=7.1, 95% CI 5.3-10.0,P<0.001).
Conclusion: In real world, the long term prognosis by revascularization treatment was superior to medical treatment in patients with either simple 3 vessel coronary disease or 3 vessel combining LM disease.

Objective: To explore the relationship among social support, self-efficacy, peer pressure and physical exercise behavior and to provide a reference for subjective initiative of college students in physical exercise. Methods: Questionnaire survey regarding social support, peer pressure and self-efficacy, as well as physical exercise behavior was administered among 1 189 students from 3 colleges and universities in Henan Province during August to October 2019. Results: Peer pressure score was (18.72±4.02), subjective support score was (14.76±3.46), objective support score was (10.98±2.53), utilization score for support was (11.20±3.12), self-efficacy score was (36.79±8.00), physical exercise behavior score was (21.72±4.75). Subjective support, objective support, utilization of support, peer pressure, self-efficacy and college students ’ physical exercise behavior were significantly positively correlated(P<0.05). Structural equation model showed that subjective support, objective support, utilization of support, peer pressure, and self-efficacy significantly positively associated with physical exercise behavior,with standardization coefficients of 0.08, 0.12, 0.13, 0.40, 0.90(P<0.05), respectively. Self-efficacy has significant mediating effect on peer pressure, subjective support, objective support, utilization of support and physical exercise behavior of college students used, with standardized effect quantities being 55.36%, 90.73%, 85.88%, 87.92%, respectively. Conclusion College students’ physical exercise behavior is closely related to social support, peer pressure and self-efficacy. Social support has a significant impact on college students’ physical exercise behavior, and self-efficacy, while self-efficacy and peer pressure all have a positive effect on college students’ physical exercise behavior.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between caspase recruitment domain protein 9 (CARD9) level and inflammatory response in cerebral tissue of ischemic brain injury mice.Methods:Totally 24 SPF BALB/c male mice were randomly(random number) divided into 4 groups: sham operated group, ischemia 3 h group, ischemia 6 h group, and ischemia 12 h group, 6 mice in each group. The permanant middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model in the ischemia groups was established by using line embolism to block blood flow. Mice in each group were sacrificed at the predetermined time point after operation. CARD9 and p-p65NF-κB levels were detected by Western blot, and the inflammatory factors mRNA and protein including TNF-ɑ, IL-lβ and IL-6 were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software, the comparison of measurement data between each two groups was analyzed by independent sample t test, and the correlations between CARD9 and inflammatory factors were analyzed by Pearson analysis. Results:Compared with the sham operated group, the CARD9 levels in the ischemia 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups were increased significantly [(0.325±0.011) vs. (0.462±0.019), P=0.036; (0.735±0.036), P=0.003; (0.903±0.024), P=0.001], the p-p65NF-κB levels in the ischemia 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups were increased significantly [(0.227±0.016) vs. (0.316±0.017), P=0.041; (0.445±0.021), P=0.016; (0.671±0.039), P=0.008], the TNF-ɑ levels in the ischemia 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups were significantly increased [(0.53±0.06) vs. (1.06±0.10), P=0.009; (1.47±0.15), P=0.004; (2.78±0.18), P=0.001], the IL-lβ levels in the ischemia 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups were significantly increased [(0.55±0.07) vs. (1.01±0.11), P=0.009; (2.13±0.16), P=0.003; (3.09±0.18), P=0.001], and the IL-6 levels in the ischemia 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups were significantly increased [(1.99±0.18) vs. (4.10±0.41), P=0.006; (8.54±0.84), P=0.002; (11.56±0.96), P=0.001]. Pearson analysis showed that CARD9 was positively correlated with the p-p65NF-κB and TNF-ɑ, IL-lβ, IL-6 ( r=0.894, P=0.001; r=0.747, P=0.008; r=0.810, P=0.001; r=0.773, P=0.007). Conclusions:A positive correlation exists between CARD9 and inflammatory responses in the early stage of ischemic brain injury in mice

Objective To explore the incidence and associated factors of aortic artery calcification (AAC) by lateral lumbar X-ray score in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.Mehtods A total of 155 MHD patients with complete clinical data in our hospital were enrolled in the study.Lateral lumbar X-ray score of the abdominal aorta was used to determine AAC in MHD patients.Results Aortic calcification was most severe in front of the fourth lumbar segment and ameliorated in higher lumbar levels.63.63％ of MHD patients presented visible calcification in the abdominal aorta,and 28.39％ had severe calcification with more than three segments.Age (OR=1.094,P＜0.01),dialysis vintage (OR=1.013,P=0.022),triglyceride (OR=1.261,P=0.030) and phosphate level (OR=1.324,P=0.023) were risk factors of abdominal aorta calcification,however serum albumin level (OR =0.239,P=0.013) was protect factor of aortic calcification.Conclusions Incidence of AAC is quite high in MHD patients and associated with increasing of age,duration of hemodialysis,serum triglyceride,phosphate level and plasma albumin.The semi-quantitative X-ray method of determining vascular calcification is less expensive and may be widely available clinically.