Malignant lymphoma is a common malignant tumor of the lymphatic system. In recent years, immunotherapy is a new direction in the field of lymphoma treatment after targeted therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) have achieved significant efficacy in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), with an overall response rate of about 80%, which makes the clinical application of ICPi in patients with malignant lymphoma become the focus of attention. This article reviews the recent progress in the biological mechanism of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA-4), and the application of ICPi in the treatment of HL and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Castleman disease (CD) is a rare polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by enlarged hyperplastic lymph node(s). Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is an indolent condition often treated by local approaches. On the contrary, pa-tients with multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) have less favorable prognoses and require systemic treatments. Cytotoxic chemother-apy has been widely used to treat MCD with varying degrees of response because of the toxicity risk of the treatment. The pathogenesis remains unknown;however, most pieces of evidence to date point toward human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and deregulated overproduc-tion of interleukin (IL-6). Discovery of putative etiologic factors and targets in MCD, particularly HHV-8, CD20, and IL-6, has translat-ed to the use of rituximab, anti-IL-6-based, and antiviral therapy. Good results have been realized through targeting HHV-8 replication, CD20, and IL-6 pathways. In this article, we reviewed the classification, pathogenesis, and current treatments of CD and provided in-sights into future treatment strategies based on disease biology.

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BACKGROUND:Percutaneous vertebroplasty has been extensively applied in treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, and now it is also used in spinal metastatic tumor. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty for metastatic tumor of thoracic lumbar vertebrae by bone cement perfusion at different times and temperature gradient. METHODS:A total of 24 cases (38 vertebrae) of metastatic tumor receiving percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement perfusion at different times and temperature gradient were reviewed retrospectively. Al patients were classified into group A (11 vertebrae in 9 cases) featured with apparent vertebral compression (≥ 1/4) and group B (27 vertebrae in 15 cases) of no obvious compression (<1/4). The percutaneous vertebroplasty was conducted with C-arm fluoroscopy positioning. Bone cement was injected by perfusion at different times and temperature gradient method. Visual Analogue Scales and Owestry Disability Index were recorded to assess pain al eviation and functional restoration before and after bone cement injection at different times and temperature gradient. The height of treated vertebrae was also analyzed. Fol ow-up was performed for 12 to 56 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Al 24 patients successful y underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement perfusion at different times and temperature gradient. Bone cement (4±1) mL was averagely injected into each thoracic vertebra. Bone cement (5±1) mL was injected into each lumbar vertebra. Postoperative recheck radiographs revealed good bone cement distribution, no nerve root injury or spinal compression occurred. Vertebral height was significantly higher posttreatment compared with pretreatment in both groups (P<0.05). Visual Analogue Scales and Owestry Disability Index scores were significantly lower at 1 day, 1 month after treatment and during final fol ow-up compared with preoperation in al patients (P<0.05). No significant difference in Visual Analogue Scales and Owestry Disability Index scores was detected between two groups at the same time point. Results suggested that percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement perfusion at different times and temperature gradient for metastatic tumor of thoracic lumbar vertebrae could reduce the occurrence of bone cement leakage, and could ease the pain quickly for apparent and non-apparent compressed tumor metastatic vertebrae. It is an effective method to treat metastatic tumor of vertebrae.

Objective To compare the efficacy and adverse reaction of teniposide (VM-26) plus carboplatin (TC regimen) and etoposide (VP-16) plus carboplatin (EC regimen) in treatment of newly diagnosed small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and the possible role of VM-26 on prevention of brain metastasis of SCLC. Methods A total of 102 previously untreated SCLC patients without brain metastasis were divided into VP-16 group received EC regimen (n=64) and VM-26 group received TC regimen(n=38). The carboplatin dosages in two groups were calculated by blood concentration-area under the curve(AUC)=5, and intravenous infusion of 1 h for the first day. In VM-26 group, VM-26 70 mg/m2+normal saline 500 mL was intravenously infused of 2 h for 1-3 days. VP-16 100 mg/m2+normal saline 500 mL was given to VP-16 group, 1 h for 1-3 days. Twenty-one day was for 1 treatment cycle. The curative effect, prognosis and adverse reaction were compared between two groups. Results The overall response rates (ORR) and disease control rates (DCR) were 78.9%(30/38) and 97.4%(37/38) in VM-26 group, respectively, and 76.6%(49/64) and 95.3%(61/64) in VP-16 group, respectively, with no significant differences between the two groups (χ2=0.078 and 0.283, P<0.05). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 10 months (95%CI 7.4-12.6) in VM-26 group and 9 months (95%CI 6.4-11.6) in VP-16 group (χ2=0.029,P=0.866). The median overall survival (OS) was 18 months (95%CI 16.5-19.5) and 16 months (95%CI 9.9-22.1) in VM-26 group and VP-16 group (χ2=0.217,P=0.642), respectively. The survival rates for 1,2 and 3 years were 73.7%, 36.8%and 18.4%in VM-26 group, and 71.9%, 37.5%and 18.8%in VP-16 group, respectively, with no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). The brain metastasis rate was significantly higher in VP-16 group [43.8%(28/64)] than that of VP-26 group [21.1%(8/38),χ2=5.379,P=0.02). The adverse reactions were mainly grade 1/2 bone marrow suppression in two groups. Conclusion TC is a highly active regimen for treatment of SCLC. There is no difference in the ef?fectiveness and adverse reactions versus EC. Application of VM-26 can reduce the incidence of brain metastasis in SCLC patients.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) can improve the acetylation status of histone N-terminal, which will exert the effect on treatment. The N-terminal of histone modifications belongs to the category of epigenetics. Epigenetics mainly refers to the study of the heritable variation without change in DNA sequence. HDACI had been paid much attention as a new non-cytotoxic an-ti-cancer targeted drug. Thus, the application of this drug in clinical research is widespread. After the U.S. Food and Drug Administra-tion approved two HDACIs for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the clinical applications of HDACI in other subtypes of T-cell lymphoma have obtained increasing attention. Studies on the mechanism of HDACI provide the theoretical basis for the applica-tion of HDACIs in other subtypes of T-cell lymphoma. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism and clinical trials of HDACIs on the treatment of T-cell lymphoma.

Objective and Methods As a local species, Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) has been one of the standardized test fish for chemical toxicity tests in China .By optimal screening , the acute toxicity of potassium bichromate and 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) was determined to evaluate repeatability and accuracy for Gobiocypris rarus in one laboratory and between different laboratories .Result Based on a proper data analysis , for the two chemicals per-formed with the same fish, all 96 h LC50 values were within mean ( x-) and upper and lower control limits ( ±2s) in both inner test ( in one laboratory ) and outer test ( between different laboratories ) .Conclusions From these results , a valid database could also be established to evaluate one single test .In addition, Gobiocypris rarus will not only be a potential test species for ecotoxicity tests , but also recommended as a standard laboratory animal .

I-scan technology is the newly developed image enhanced endoscopy technology from PENTAX,Japan,which can visualize the capillary and the gap of glandular duct of gastrointestinal mucosa.i-scan images are as bright as conventional white-light images.Therefore,i-scan is able to observe much larger areas in a distant view compared with NBI.It has a broad application prospects.However,due to the lack of a unified diagnostic standard,the application of i-scan technology needs further study.This review summarizes the applications of high-resolution electron-staining endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases.

[Objective]To explore the effects of axial stress regulation on healing of lengthened callus.[Method]Tibiaes of 40 rabbits divided into 2 groups were lengthened with circular external fixator.X-ray bone density and histology tests were performed.[Result]The X-ray showed lengthened callus was different after operation.In the control group,lengthened center had a serial callus and cortex had not formed,in the experimental group lengthened center had serial cortex and ttransfixial medullary cavity expects serial callus.[Conclusion]Axial stress regulation and periodicity continue to shortened micromovement stress may promote healing after bone lengthening.

Objective To determine the content of astragaloside Ⅳin Qi Zao Granules.Methods Equipped with the evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), a RP-HPLC method was established. The chromatographic column was C18 and the column temperature was at 30 ℃.The drift tube temperature was at 40 ℃and the evaporative gas was nitrogen with pressure of 3.5 bar.The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water(30∶70) and the flow rate was 1mL/min. Results This method showed a good linear relationship in the range of 2.51～50.2 ?g astragaloside Ⅳ. The average recovery was 98.13 %with RSD being 1.28 %. Conclusion The method is sensitive and accurate and can be used for the quality control of Qi Zao Granules.