Objective To investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiologic features of human rhinovirus (HRV) in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) in Shanghai by detecting HRV from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) .Methods One hundred and thirty-five BALF samples were collected from children with ALRTI at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from January to June in 2014 . The specimens were tested by one-step real-time reversible transcription (RT )-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HRV .Gene fragments of VP4/VP2 capsid protein of the HRV genome were amplified and sequenced .The phylogenetic trees of HRV strains were drawn .Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis .Result Among these 135 samples ,6(4 .4% ) were HRV positive , including 4 positive for HRV-A and 2 positive for unknown genotype .The age of children with HRV positive was 8 months to 8 years ,including 5 cases ≤ 3 years old .The nucleotide homology within 4 HRV-A samples varied 76 .5% -100 .0% .These 4 HRV-A sequences were respectively compared with reference strains of HRV-A ,HRV-B and HRV-C in GenBank .The nucleotide homology varied 73 .1% -91 .7% ,57 .8% -66 .0% and 59 .0% -65 .0% ,respectively .Among 135 children with ALRTI ,124 were diagnosed with ordinary pneumonia including 4 (3 .2% ,4/124) HRV positive and 11 were diagnosed with severe pneumonia (with respiratory failure and/or heart failure) including 2 HRV positive .All children with HRV presented with fever and cough .Most of them (5/6) were co-infected with other pathogens .In 5 children with HRV positive ,the peripheral blood leukocyte counts were less than 10 × 109/L , neutrophil percentages were less than 0 .50 ,C-reactive protein was less than 8 mg/L and procalcitonin was less than 0 .05 μg/L .All the children were clinically cured .Conclusions The detection of HRV in BALF samples indicates that HRV is one of the pathogens in children with ALRTI in Shanghai and HRV-A is more common .Gene fragments of VP4/VP2 capsid protein of HRV pathogenic strains display a high degree of genetic variability .

Objective: To evaluate the effect of hepatitis B prevention and control by comparative analysis on the results of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc prevalence from national hepatitis B seroepidemiological surveys in 1992 and 2014 in different epidemic regions of China. Methods: Data was from the national seroepidemiological surveys of hepatitis B conducted in 1992 and 2014. The survey in 1992 was conducted in 145 disease surveillance points of 30 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan province) in China. The survey in 2016 was conducted in 160 disease surveillance points of 31 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan province) in China. In the two surveys, face-to-face interviews with the subject by door to door or on the investigation site were conducted by trained staff using standard questionnaires to obtain basic information including birth date, gender, ethnicity, resident place and so on. And then 5 ml venous blood was collected to test the sero-markers of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. We analyzed unweighted point prevalence and 95% CI of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc in 1992 which had no design weighting, and analyzed weighted point prevalence and 95%CI of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc in 2014 which had design weighting. Results: 34 291 and 31 713 people aged 1-29 years were involved in 1992 and 2014 national serosurveys of China, respectively. For the people aged 1-29 years, HBsAg prevalence was 2.64% (95%CI: 2.28%-3.06%) in 2014 and decreased by 73.92% as compared with the rate 10.13% (95% CI: 9.81%-10.45%) in 1992. Anti-HBc prevalence was 13.01% (95%CI: 12.09%-14.00%) in 2014 and decreased by 71.61% as compared with the rate 45.84% (95% CI: 45.31%-46.37%) in 1992. Anti-HBs prevalence was 57.79% (95%CI: 56.33%-59.25%) in 2014 and ascended by 127.41% as compared with the rate 25.41% (95% CI: 24.95%-25.87%) in 1992. In high, medium and low epidemic region, for the people who born during 1992-2001 when hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in routine immunization management, HBsAg prevalence was 4.74% (95%CI: 3.79%-5.69%), 1.59% (95%CI: 1.09%-2.10%) and 2.53% (95%CI: 1.66%-3.39%), respectively, and anti-HBs prevalence was 64.25% (95% CI: 62.11%-66.39%), 56.34% (95% CI: 54.50%-58.57%), 54.49% (95%CI: 51.75%-57.23%), respectively, and anti-HBc prevalence was 15.16% (95%CI: 13.56%-16.76%), 11.07% (95%CI: 9.80%-12.33%), 7.61% (95%CI: 6.15%-9.07%), respectively. In high, medium and low epidemic region, for the people who born during 2002-2013 the duration which hepatitis B vaccine was integrated in expanded immunization program born during when HBsAg prevalence was 0.88% (95%CI: 0.66%-1.11%), 0.37% (95%CI: 0.24%-0.49%)and 0.71% (95%CI: 0.48%-0.94%), respectively, and anti-HBs prevalence was 60.74% (95%CI: 59.57%-61.90%), 59.46% (95%CI: 58.44%-60.49%), 52.56% (95% CI: 51.20%-53.92%), respectively, and anti-HBc prevalence was 3.30% (95% CI: 2.87%-3.72%), 1.91% (95%CI: 1.63%-2.20%), 2.25% (95%CI: 1.85%-2.66%), respectively. Conclusion China had made great achievement in hepatitis B prevention and control. HBsAg prevalence among people aged 1-29 years old in 2014 decreased dramatically as compared with that in 1992. Since hepatitis B vaccine was integrated into expanded immunization program, China reduced HBsAg prevalence to less than 1% among people aged 1-12 years in 2014 in different epidemic region.

Severe open injury of lower limbs is complex and difficult to cure in a short time,which can lead to serious infection,amputation and so on.For the treatment of open injury,wound repair is extremely important.A variety of new technologies such as new dressings,platelet-rich plasma(PRP),and vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)have recently been applied to lower limb wound repair,which can not only improve the functional prognosis and aesthetic effect,but also improve the quality of wound healing.This review will summarize the research progress of wound repair methods for open injury of lower limbs,so as to further guide clinical application.