AIM:To gain the molecular mechanism of active ingredients of EGb 761(ginkgo flavones and ginkgo lides) for the inhibition against A?_(1-42) aggregation and fibrogenesis.METHODS:Circular dichroism spectra(CD) and FI-IR were used to curve-fit and analyze the change in A?_(1-42) second structure under A? aged condition and intervention of ginkgo flavones and ginkgo lides.RESULTS:Analysis that was made of 1700-1600 m(-1) amide-Ⅰ-band and curve fitting indicated that after 30 min to 72-incubation,increase of ?-sheet in A?_(1-42) by(18.5%),but the reduction of ?-sheet by(50.95%) and(36.09%) in 72 h incubation with ginko flavones and ginkgo lides,respectively.And increase of ?-turn by(56.56%) and(46.56%) in sane condition.CONCLUSION:Obviously,?-sheet turned into ?-turn.-CH_2 and-CH groups of ketones and alkanes engaged in A?_(1-42) molecular change.

With rapid and efficient drug release, few side effects and excellent biodegradable properties, the reduction-sensitive carriers is not only the new hot point in the field of pharmaceutical research, but also the most promising intelligent drug carrier on clinical application. This paper reviews the latest research of reduction-sensitive drug and gene carriers, including the mechanisms of drug release and the synthesis of the reduction-sensitive conjugates, reduction-sensitive nano polymer micelles, nano vesicles, nano hollow microspheres, nano liposomes, as well as the characteristics and advantages of various kinds of carrier system. It will provide a theoretical basis for its further application.
Drug Carriers ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Micelles ; Microspheres ; Nanoparticles ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective To explore the feasibility and potential application value of establishing the neonatal pig models of islet transplantation under the renal capsule. Methods Nine wild-type neonatal Duroc pigs were selected, including 1 animal as the control (p6307), 6 as islet transplant donors and 2 as islet transplant recipients (p6210, p6207). After islet isolation and differentiation in vitro, islet transplantation under the renal capsule of the pig was performed. Immunosuppressive therapy of tacrolimus (Tac) combined with sirolimus was given after operation. Postoperative body weight, blood glucose and serum creatinine levels of the recipients were monitored. The p6210 recipient neonatal pig was sacrificed at postoperative 4 weeks, while the p6207 recipient and the control neonatal pig were sacrificed at postoperative 8 weeks. The islet grafts under the renal capsule were collected for pathological staining and insulin immunofluorescent staining. Results After islet transplantation under the renal capsule of the pigs, the growth rate of body weight of the recipients was significantly slower than that of the control neonatal pig, accompanied with intermittent symptoms, such as anorexia and diarrhea, etc. However, the blood glucose and serum creatinine levels of the recipients did not significantly differ from preoperative levels and those of the control neonatal pig. Evident islet mass was observed under the renal capsule of the p6210 recipient. Pathological staining and insulin immunofluorescent staining confirmed that the islet mass had the function of secreting insulin, whereas no obvious islet mass could be seen under the renal capsule of the p6207 recipient. Pathological staining detected no evident islet mass, suggesting the possibility of islet transplantation failure caused by rejection in the p6207 recipient. Conclusions The establishment of neonatal pig models of islet transplantation under the renal capsule is a feasible technique, which provides preliminary evidence for the establishment of composite islet-kidney donor graft in pig models for xenotransplantation in the treatment of end-stage diabetic nephropathy.

Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease COVID-19 (also known as 2019-nCoV) caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the end of 2019, it has spread rapidly in worldwide. Besides developing effective vaccines, it is urgent to develop safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs to fight this disease. Paxlovid, molnupiravir, sotrovimab and bebtelovimab are urgently authorized by FDA have been proved to be effective against Omicron. This manuscript mainly reviews the recent progress of effective inhibitors against the virus in the world, including receptor inhibitors, antibodies, natural product inhibitors, synthetic inhibitors and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that are effective against other RNA viruses.

BACKGROUNDWith the development of natural orifice trans-luminal endoscopic surgery, studies on transoral video-assisted thyroidectomy in preclinical experiments (e.g., human anatomy and animal trials) were progressing gradually. From 2009 to 2011, embalmed human cadavers were dissected to define the anatomical location, surgical planes, and related neural and vascular structures to create a safe transoral access to the front cervical spaces. Recently, experimental transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy was performed to verify the feasibility of this approach on 15 fresh specimens.

METHODSFifteen specimens were placed in the supine position with slight neck extension. Endoscopic incision was made on the midline between the Wharton's duct papillae and two other incisions were made on mandibular first premolar buccal mucosa. Sublingual combined bilateral vestibular tunnels were created from oral cavity to the cervical region. The neck subplatysmal working space was insufflated with CO2 at 6-8 mmHg. The bilateral thyroid lobes and central lymph nodes were dissected under craniocaudal view.

RESULTSThree incisions were made in the oral cavity without any incisions on the body surfaces. The distance from the oral cavity to front neck region was the shortest. Bilateral thyroid lobes and central neck region were fully resected via transoral approach. This approach provided a craniocaudal view, in which retrosternal thyroid gland and lymph nodes were easily accessible. The recurrent laryngeal nerve could be identified safely on the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. The only structure at risk was the mental nerve. Camera motion was somewhat limited by the maxillary dentition. The volume of harvested thyroid nodule through sublingual tunnel in the fifteen human cadavers was (40 ± 15) cm(3).

CONCLUSIONThe transoral procedure is progressive and innovative which not only gives the best cosmetic result and minimal access trauma but also provides a craniocaudal view.

Cadaver ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neck Dissection ; methods ; Thyroidectomy ; Video-Assisted Surgery ; methods