Insulin resistance(IR) develops following major injury to the body, including serious trauma, surgical infection and burn. Metabolic disorders due to IR have a serious impact on energy production and attenuate body capacity of anti-infection and anti-shock. Therefore, the research about the mechanism of post-traumatic insulin resistance will be beneficial to improving patients' metabolism situation.

Tight junctions(TJs) are the primary junctions between intestinal epithelia.TJs serve as the maintenance of epithelial cell polarity and the rate-limiting barrier to passive movement of hydrophilic solutes across intestinal epithelia.It plays an important role in maintaining integral intestinal epithelia,protecting intestinal barrier and preventing bacterial endotoxin and other toxin into body.This review is about biological functions,molecular regulating mechanisms of intestinal epithelial tight junctions and some factors affecting on them.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant digestive tract tumor resulted from genetic and environmental factors and can be accompanied by a series of gene mutations.The etiology of CRC,particularly the role of gut microbiota imbalance,has became a hot research topic along with the increase of its prevalance.In this article,we elucidate the potential roles and mechanisms of streptococcus gallolyticus,fusobacterium,Escherichia coli,Bacteroides fragilis,and helicobacter wlori in the development of CRC,with an attempt to further understand the functions of microbiota,search for possible specific carcinogenic strains,and improve the management of CRC.

Human guts harbor abundant microbes that regulate many aspects of host physiology.However,bacterial imbalance or dysbiosis in the gut due to the dietary or environmental changes may cause colorectal cancer (CRC).Therefore,it is theoretically and clinically important to explore the correlation between possible carcinogenic bacteria and CRC and thus reduce CRC incidence by regulating intestinal microecological balance through the application of microecological preparations.

Objective To study the effects of glutamine (Gln) combined with growth hormone (GH) on the levels of cytokine (TNF-?, IL-1, IL-6), coritsol and amino acid metabolism in septic rats. Methods Ten out of 79 SD rats were randomly collected as the control group. Thirty of 69 septic SD rats, which were made by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) method and were given parenteral nutrition (PN) lived to day 6. They were also randomly divided into three groups as follows: septic group (n=10), parenteral supplemented glutamine group (Gln group, n=10), and Gln combined with GH (Gln+GH group, n=10). On the 6th day, blood drew from portal veins of the dead rats was used to detect the levels of TNF-?, IL-1, IL-6 and cortisol by ELISA. The plasma concentrations of free amino acids were determined by amino acid auto-analyzer. The muscle tissue of extensor digitorum longus was used to determine 3-methyl-histidine (3-MH) by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC). Results Except for the control group, most rats developed celiac abscess, hepatic abscess and pulmonary infection. The serum levels of TNF-?, IL-1, IL-6 and cortisol were significantly higher in the septic group than those of the other three groups, and they were significantly lower in the Gln+GH group than those of the Gln group, P

Objective: To investigate the influences of IGF-1 on the stress hormone,GLUT-4 and its mRNA expression.Methods: The SD rats with abdominal infection established by cecal ligation and perforation method were randomly divided into three groups: pyaemic group(n=10),parenteral nutrition group(PN group,n=10) and IGF-1 Group(n=10).10 healthy rats was used as the normal group(n=10).On the sixth day,blood was sampled to determine the level of glucose,insulin,glucagon and IGF-1.The expressions of GLUT-4 and its mRNA in muscle were detected by immuno-histochemistry and Real-Time PCR methods.Results: The plasma levels of glucose,insulin and glucagon in the IGF-1 group were significantly lower than those in the pyaemic group and PN group(P

Objective:To investigate the influences of IGF-1 on the stress homone,InsR?、? gene expression and protein content in pyaemia rats.Methods:SD rats with abdominal infection models established by cecal ligation and perforation method were randomly divided into three groups: pyaemic group(n=10),parenteral nutrition group(PN group,n=10) and IGF-1 Group (n=10),and 10 SD rats were used as normal group(n=10).On the sixth day,Vena Cava blood was sampled to determine the level of glucose,insulin,glucagon,and IGF-1.In addition,the expression of the InsR?、? in liver and muscle were detected by immunohistochemistry and Real-Time PCR methods.Results:The plasma glucose,insulin,glucagon in the IGF-1 group were significantly lower than that of the pyaemic group and PN group(P

Objective To study the protective effect of glutamine on the intestinal mucosal antioxidation in endotoxemic rats. Methods　Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, group A:parenteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine, group B:TPN without glutamine,and group C:normal control. Endotoxemia was induced by continous intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) at a dose of 2 mg/kg per day throughout the 5-day study period. The mucosal protein、DNA、ATP、SOD、MDA、GSH、sIgA were determined. Results The mucosal protein、DNA、ATP、SOD、GSH and sIgA content in endotoxic rats were markedly decreased, MDA was increased as compared with normal control(P＜0.05). The former indices in group A were improved and MDA content was decreased as compared with group B(P＜0.05). Conclusion　Glutamine can improve gut energy metabolism, decrease the extent of mucosal injury of free radicals, and give an protective effect on the mucosal probably by increasing GSH.

Objective To investigate the distribution of gut microbiota in obese patients with or without acanthosis nigricans .Methods Totally 131 obese patients and 25 healthy participants were divided into three groups:the obesity with acanthosis nigricans (AN) group (n=59), the simple obesity (OB) group (n=79), and the control (CON) group (n=25).The fresh stool samples were collected , and the clinical and biochemistry markers were measured .Pyrosequencing technology was performed based on the 16s rRNA of fecal samples to identify and analyze the distribution pattern of gut microbiota in each group .Results The AN group had signifi-cantly higher body mass index [ (37.45 ±5.12) kg/m2 vs.(33.34 ±2.54) kg/m2 vs. (20.35 ±1.68) kg/m2, P=0.045, P<0.001], insulin [32.77 (25.18) mU/L vs.20.73 (9.30) mU/L vs.8.70 (6.18) mU/L, P<0.001, P<0.001], insulin resistance [7.78 (6.87) vs.4.71 (2.88) vs.1.81 (1.40), P<0.001, P<0.001], and interleukin (IL) -6 [ (3.64 ±2.23) ng/L vs.(2.71 ±0.78) ng/L vs.(2.17 ±0.86) ng/L, P=0.040, P=0.009] levels than OB and CON groups compared with OB and CON groups , AN group had sig-nificantly decreased diversity of bacterial flora ( P=0.015 , P=0.001 ) , while no significant difference was observed in the abundance of bacterial flora .At the phylum level , the composition of flora among these three groups was similar, mainly including bacteroidetes , firmicutes, proteobacteria, and actinomycetes.Although the proportions of main bacteria flora were different , the difference was not statistically significant .At the genus level, the bacteria flora in AN and OB groups were primarily composed of Bacteroides, Megamonas, Faecalibac-terium and Escherichia-Shigella.In addition, compared to OB and CON groups , AN group had significantly lower proportion of Ruminococcus ( P=0.023 , P=0.043 , respectively ) and higher proportion of Veillonella (P=0.048, P=0.043, respectively).Furthermore, the proportion of Weissella was higher in AN and OB groups than in CON group ( P=0.045 , P=0.025 ) .Conclusion Obese patients with AN have more severe in-sulin resistance and inflammation status than those with simple obesity , and the distribution feature of gut micro-biota also differ between these two patient populations .

Gut microbiota is one of the complicated eco-systems in human body.A large amount of bacteria colonize in the healthy human intestine, which not only play a variety of biological functions, but also are associated with various diseases.By adding microecological agents (probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics), we are able to improve the gut microbiota structure and reduce the related carcinogenic metabolites, and also to improve the clinical manifestations of certain diseases.Therefore, it is meaningful to apply microecological agents (probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics) both in healthy population and patients.We reviewed the researches on microecological aspect of gut microbiota-related diseases, aiming to shed some light on fully understanding and popularizing of the application of microecological agents among different populations.