Neurobiology,one of the important subject in life science frontier,comprises extensive and comprehensive contents.It is significant and essential for each discipline of medicine to offer this course.During last several years of teaching and practice,some methods,skills and ideas have been utilized and summarized.Modem medical education,by offering this course,will accord with the development concept of the transition from biomedicine to bio-psycho-social medical model,and this course will provide the substantial foundation for cultivating qualified medical students.

Objective To evaluate the effects of repeated sevoflurane anesthesia on long-term cognitive function in lactating rats.Methods Twenty-four healthy Spragne-Dawley rats,aged 7 days,weighing 14-17 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =8 each):control group (group C),2.6 ％ sevoflurane group (group S1),and 1.5％ sevoflurane group (group S2).At 7,14 and 21 days after birth,2.6％ and 1.5％ sevoflurane and carrier gas were inhaled for 1 h in groups S1,S2 and C,respectively.Visible plafform trial was carried out on 28 and 29 days after birth,and the swimming speed of the rats was recorded.Place navigation test was performed on 32-36 days after birth,and the escape latency was recorded.Spatial probe test was carried out on 36 days after birth,and the time spent in the platform quadrant,swimming distance and the number of times crossing the platform quadrant was recorded.Results Compared with group C,the escape latency was significantly prolonged in groups S1 and S2 (P ＜ 0.05).The escape latency was significantly longer in group S1 than in group S2 (P ＜0.05).There were no significant differences between the three groups in the swimming speed,time spent in the platform zone,swimming distance and the number of times crossing the platform quadrant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Repeated inhalation of sevoflurane during lactation can impair the long-term declarative memory,which is concentration-related,while it has no effects on the associative learning in rats.

Objective To analyze the serum inflammation related factors of influenza A ( induced by sub-type H1N1 virus) patients with epidemic febrile damp-heat syndrome and warm-heat syndrome. Results Fifty-six patients confirmed as influenza A ( H1N1) were differentiated into epidemic febrile damp-heat syndrome ( 36 cases) and epidemic febrile warm-heat syndrome (20 cases) . And then we observed the serum immune globulins IgM and IgG, interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ɑ), tumor growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), lipolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels of the influenza A patients. Results Insignificant differences of serum IgM, IgG, IL-8, TNF-ɑand TGF-β1 levels were shown between epidemic febrile damp-heat syndrome patients and epidemic febrile warm-heat syndrome patients (P>0.05), but the differences of LBP, TLR4 and sCD14 were significant (P<0.05) .Conclusion Influenza A (H1N1) patients with epidemic febrile damp-heat syndrome have higher serum LBP, TLR4 and sCD14 levels than patients with epidemic febrile warm-heat syndrome, indicating that inflammatory reaction is severer in influenza A (H1N1) patients with epidemic febrile damp-heat syndrome.

OBJECTIVE:To virtually screen lignanoid compounds with inhibitory effect of histone deacetylase(HDAC)by vir-tual screening method. METHODS:Using“lignanoid”as keyword,requiring CNKI,VIP,PubMed and other database,lignanoid compounds were collected as ligand to establish ligand base, histone deacetylase receptor HDAC2 (PDB code:4LXZ) and HDAC8 (PDB code:1T69) were selected from PDB database,and then ligands and 3D active site of receptors were docked by SYBYL-X 2.0 software. The affinity of receptors to ligand was reflected by total score. RESULTS:345 lignanoid compounds, 4LXZ and 1T69 primary ligand were used to establish ligand base which included 347 ligands. Ligands No.275,271,110,200, 056,258,181,129,037,270,187 were demonstrated good affinity with receptors HDAC2 and HDAC8. Ligands and receptors residue were docked via hydrogen bond. CONCLUSIONS:Lignanoid compounds have inhibitory effect on HDAC;virtual screen-ing method is effective in natural product activity prediction,which can provide quick access to and theoretical guidance for new pharmacological studies of lignanoid compounds.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase ( NOXs) contributes to the production of reactive oxygen species ( ROS) in liver fibrosis, resulting in the activation of endoplas-mic reticulum stress ( ERS ) and IRE1α-XBP1 signaling path-way. ROS is a series of oxygen metabolites and its derivatives, produced by the single electron reduction of molecular oxygen ( O2 ) , including superoxide anion ( O2- ) , hydroxyl radical (-OH) , hydrogen peroxide ( H2 O2 ) , hypochlorite ion ( OCl-) and so on. They can interact with a large number of molecules, including small inorganic molecules, proteins, lipids, carbohy-drates and nucleic acids, resulting in lipid peroxidation of cell damaging molecules. And as a second messenger, ROS can also affect the proliferation and activation of HSC in liver fibrosis, and induce the hepatocyte apoptosis through a variety of cellular signal transduction. Here we review the current status of the study on the mechanism of NOXs in liver fibrosis.

Objective To investigate microRNA(miRNA)expression profiles in peripheral blood and skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris(PV), and to seek miRNAs consistently expressed in peripheral blood and skin lesions. Methods A miRNA microarray was used to screen differentially expressed miRNAs in skin lesions and peripheral blood samples between 17 patients with PV and 4 healthy human controls, and real?time fluorescence?based quantitative PCR(RT?qPCR)to verify the differentially expressed miRNAs. The correlations of these differentially expressed miRNAs with psoriasis area and severity index(PASI)score were assessed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results The Agilent human miRNA microarray profiling revealed 15 miRNAs consistently expressed in skin lesions and peripheral blood of patients with PV. Of the 15 miRNAs, 7 were verified as consistently expressed miRNAs by RT?qPCR. Among the 7 miRNAs, the expression intensity of miR?30e?5p, miR?192?5p, miR?17?3p and miR?1227?5p was negatively correlated with PASI scores(all P<0.05), while that of miR?125b?5p, miR?642a?5p and miR?29a?5p was uncorrelated with PASI scores(all P>0.05). Conclusion Some miRNAs are consistently expressed in skin lesions and plasma of PV patients, which are expected to serve as biomarkers for evaluation of psoriasis severity.

Aim To investigate the effect of acacetin on cell proliferation and the influence of acacetin on estrogen receptor expression in vitro.Methods The proliferation rates and the cell cycle changes of acace-tin-treated T47D cells were measured by sulforhodam-ine B(SRB)assay and flow cytometry,respectively. Moreover,the mRNA expressions of estrogen receptor-alpha(ERα),estrogen receptor-beta(ERβ)and pro-liferating antigen(Ki67)were determined by quantita-tive real time PCR (qPCR).Western blot was em-ployed to detect the ERαand ERβprotein expression. Results Acacetin significantly promoted the prolifera-tion and increased the amount of cells arrested in S and G2 /M phase under the concentration of 0.001 ~1 0μmol·L -1 .Ki67 mRNA level and the ERαprotein level in T47D cells were remarkably upregulated after acacetin treatment.To clarify which estrogen receptors played a role in acacetin induced the proliferation of T47D cells,the combination treatment of acacetin and ERαinhibitor (MPP)/ERβ inhibitor (PHTPP) was employed.We found that MPP could reverse the cell proliferation,the cell arrested in S and G2 /M phase and the increased Ki67 mRNA level induced by acace-tin.PHTPP also alleviated the T47D cell proliferation induced by acacetin,whereas no significant changes were found in cell cycle and Ki67 mRNA level.Con-clusion Acacetin stimulates the cell proliferation of T47D cells in the concentration from 0.001 μmol · L -1 to 1 0 μmol·L -1 ,which is mainly mediated by ERα.

Objective To establish a flow cytometric method for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression on the membrane of neutrophils (mNAP).Methods EDTA-K2 anticoagulant venous bloods were collected.Expression of mNAP in peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry using a phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled anti-ALP monoclonal antibody.BD QuantiBRITE PE was used to generate a calibration curve for PE fluorescence and ratios of PE to anti-ALP antibody and detect the bound ALP antibodies per cell (antibodies bound per cell,AB/c).Preanalytical handling including anticoagulants (EDTA-K2,citrate,and heparin),storage temperature,storage time,and plasma ALP were optimized and measured the precision.The expression levels of mNAP from 481 healthy controls were measured to establish a clinical reference range.The mNAP levels of 84 patients with severe infection and local infection,39 patients with virus infection were determined by this method.Results For preanalytical handling,application of PBS washing can effectively eliminate the interference of plasma ALP.The mNAP levels were not influenced by different anticoagulants and storage conditions (stored for 12 h either at room temperature or 4 ℃).This method had preferable reproducibility (CV in batch were 2.01％-3.33％,average 2.67％ ; CV between batch were 5.80％-6.00％,average 5.90％).The median (quartiles) of mNAP in health controls were 1 758 (1 378-2 310) AB / c for men and 1 897 (1 369-3 249) AB / c for women.There was no significant difference between genders (U =27 140,P =0.243 8).The clinical reference ranges (2.5 percentile to 97.5 percentile) of mALP was 920.5-3 493.0AB / c.The expression levels of mNAP of patients with bacterial infections (13 532,9 756-16 869 AB / c) were significantly higher than those of patients with virus infection(1 143,536-2 012 AB / c) and healthy controls (1879,1399-2497 AB / c) (H=221.5,P＜0.01).Conclusion BD QuantiBRITE PE kit can be used to standardize flow cytometer settings and quantitatively detect molecules per cell.The flow cytometric method for detection of mNAP has important clinical application for differentiating bacterial and virus infection.

This review summarized the research status on DNA molecular identification of plants in the genus Chrysanthemum. Some case studies on representative DNA molecular identification techniques, which included ge-nomic in situ hybridization (GISH), DNA molecular markers and DNA barcoding, were described. Simultaneously, the merits, demerits and development of the techniques were discussed. The above work provides evidence for the identi-fication and resource utilization of plants in the genus Chrysanthemum.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of apoptosis of B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods The proportions of B cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of 51 active and 30 remission patients with RA and 80 healthy controls were detected by flow cytometry.B cells in the PB of 10 active,10 remission and 10 healthy individuals were isolated by MACS.The apoptosis of cultured B cells,which were collected at 24,48,72,96 h respectively,were assessed by flow cytometry.ANOVA,t test and,Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis.Results The proportions of B cells marked as CD19 and CD22 in the PB of active and remission patients with RA and healthy controls were (26±11)％,(12±8)％,(10±7)％,(26±10)％,(12±8)％,(11±5)％ respectively.The proportions of B cells in the PB of active patients was significantly higher than that of remission patients and healthy controls (P＜0.01).There was positive correlation between B cell proportion in the PB of active patients and DAS 28 and IgG level.The proportion of apoptosis of B cells in the PB with active patients was less than healthy controls.Conclusion The pathway of apoptosis of B cells in the PB of active patients is inhibited,which could increase B cell proportion.Moreover,the high proportion of B cells in the PB of active patients is closely related to disease activity.