Depression is a difficult problem because of its unresolved etiology , complex pathogenic factors ,and unknown path-ogenesis in the field of neuroscience .In recent years,the research of the pathogenesis in depression had made important progress at home and abroad .This article elaborates the mainstream hypothesis of depression mechanism to broaden the understanding depression in the fields of neurobiochemical study , neuroendocrine and neural plasticity studies .

The renal cell cancer stem cells determine the growth and proliferation of renal cell carcino-ma.So far some possible markers have been identified in renal cell carcinoma,including octamer binding factor 4 (Oct4),CD133,CD105,ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 transporter gene (ABCB1),CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4),but these markers are still controversial.Therefore,for the more effective treatments of metastatic renal cell carcinoma,studying a generally applicable marker for renal cell carcinoma is necessary.

Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is the most common type of arrhythmia and an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke.Warfarin effectively decreases the risk factors for ischemic stroke in patients with NVAF,but substantially increases the risk for severe bleeding.Currently,most clinical guidelines recommend using the CHADS2 score for stroke risk stratification in NVAF patients to guide antithrombotic treatment.Although its application is simple and convenient,the CHADS2 score has been debated because of many limitations; especially some common stroke risk factors were not included.By comparison,the CHA2 DS2-VASc scores have included more risk factors for stroke.It can better identify the truly low-risk patients.Among the AF patients with CHADS2 score of 0 to 1,CHA2DS2-VASc scores may provide the important information for stroke risk,and thus help the decision-making of the anticoagulant therapy.

Objective To investigate the effects of aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy(ALA-PDT) on chicken combs, an animal model for port wine stains (PWS), and to explore the feasibility of PWS treatment with ALA-PDT. Methods A total of 80 leghorns were randomly and equally divided into 10 groups: blank control group receiving no treatment, ALA group treated with ALA alone, four single laser groups irradiated with 630-nm red laser at 75, 100, 150 and 200 J/cm2 respectively, four ALA-PDT groups pretreated with ALA followed by 630-nm red laser radiation at 75, 100, 150 and 200 J/cm2 respectively. An area sized 1 cm × 1 cm were marked at one side of combs in all these leghorns, and served as the experiment area to receive corresponding treatment, with that in the other side as the control area. Tissue specimens were obtained on the 14th and 28th days after treatment followed by the observation of morphological and histological changes, calculation of decrement rate in capillary number, and determination of apoptosis index in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in chicken combs. Results In all the four ALA-PDT groups, the combs became lighter in color with apoptosis of some VECs as well as a decrease in capillary count and diameter in the dermis of the experiment areas. The decrement rate in capillary number was 33.53% ± 4.89%, 52.02% ± 2.77%, 67.48% ± 5.58%and 88.96% ± 2.47% respectively, and apoptosis index in VECs was 63.44 ± 1.09, 88.50 ± 6.11, 94.32 ± 3.67 and 113.76 ± 10.57 respectively, in the 75-, 100-, 150- and 200-J/cm2 ALA-PDT groups on the 14th day after treatment, and both the decrement rate and apoptosis index in each of these groups were significantly different from those in the blank control group, ALA group, single laser groups receiving red laser radiation at the corresponding dose, and the other ALA-PDT groups (all P < 0.01)separately. The apoptosis depth of VECs, defined as the vertical distance from the basal layer to the deepest level at which VEC apoptosis occurred, was 201.19 ± 0.33 μm, 266.15 ± 1.02 μm, 546.09 ± 2.45 μm and 766.37 ± 1.08 μm respectively in the 75-, 100-, 150- and 200-J/cm2 ALA-PDT groups on the 14th day, with significant differences between these four groups (all P < 0.01). Conclusions ALA-PDT can markedly damage capillaries in the animal model of port wine stains, chicken combs, with the degree and depth of capillary damage associated with red light energy density. The induction of VEC apoptosis may be an action mechanism of ALA-PDT in the treatment of PWS.

Objective To compare the early efficacy of two different ways of rehabilitation exercises in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Method From January 2011 to January 2014,136 patients having undergone TKA were randomly divided into two groups. In group A , patients exercised under the guidance with doctor. In group B, patients exercised by using continuous passive movement (CPM) machine. Compared the data from the two groups including range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint, knee function score (KFS) and circumference of the knee joint, t test of independent sample was utilized in the research. Results All patientswere followed up in 4 weeks. The ROM and KFS of Group A was significantly better than Group B (P < 0.05). The knee circumference had no statistically significant difference between two groups (P> 0.05).Conclusion Group A and B are effective methods in TKA patients in early rehabilitation training. But training under the guidance of doctor has greater advantages than CPM.

Objective]To study Xin'an physician Wang Xun diarrhea related theory of ideas in Cihangji, in order to more comprehensively understand diarrhea, to broaden the thinking, enhance the clinical curative effect. [Method] From the disease history, etiology and pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation and treatment,prescription drugs,and women,children with dysentery,make research on Wang's thought about diarrhea treatment. [Result] Wang's clinical diagnosis and treatment,well distinguished cold and heat; Not stick to the ancients,along seasons gas; Wang Xun created the prescription treatment of diarrhea for spring,summer,autumn,creation of winter season; on the pregnancy,postpartum woman and children with pox disease after the treatment of dysentery is summarized,with complete prescription. [Conclusion] Wang Xun Cihangji rich in content and syndrome differentiation of diarrhea, had experience,as today,treatment based on the thought of clinical diarrhea treatment still has important guiding significance.

Objective To investigate the effects of standard large trauma craniotomy on neuron-specific enolase(NSE)inflammatory factors in patients withintracranial hematoma caused by severe trau-matic brain injury(sTBI).Methods A total of 64 cases of sTBI patients were randomly divided into con-ventional surgery group (conventional group)and standard large trauma craniotomy group (standard group),with 32 cases in each group.The postoperative Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS)score,preoperative and postoperativeserum inflammatory factors(IL-8,IL-6,TNF-α,ICAM-1 ,and IL-1 0),NSE levels,and postoperative complications were compared.Results The GOS score of the standard group was signifi-cantly superior tothe conventional group(P <0.05);postoperativeIL-6,TNF-α,ICAM-1 ,and NSE levels in the conventional group were significantly reduced(P <0.05);postoperativeIL-8,IL-6,TNF-α,ICAM-1 ,and NSE levels were significantly reduced and IL-1 0 levelswassignificantly improvedin the standard group(P <0.05);there were3 cases of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and four cases of inci-sional hernia in the conventional group,and two cases of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and three cases of incisional hernia in the standard group;there were no significant differencesin the incidence of postoperative complications in both groups(P >0.05 ).Conclusion Inflammatory factors and NSE both playimportant roles in sTBI.Standard large trauma craniotomycan control these indicators effectively and reduce the severity of the patient's illness.

Poria cocos, which refers to the dry sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, is used as a traditional Chi-nese medicine (TCM). This review summarized the chemical constituents of P. cocos, their bioactivity and the extrac-tion technology of polysaccharides and triterpenes in order to provide in-depth study on the development and appli-cation of P. c oc os .

Objective To research the pathogenies' types and analyze the antibacterial drug' s using rationality from the children with acute respiratory infection,our study were generated by pediatric department from the hospital lasting 2 years.Methods A total of 93 pediatric patients with acute respiratory infection admitted from December 1,2010 through November 30,2012 were enrolled into study.The throat swabs from 93 patients were sent to the Beijing Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC) to identify the influenza virus,syncytial virus and mycoplasma with rapid nucleic acid test.The specimens of sputum from hospitalized patients were sent to the hospital bacterial laboratory for bacteria culture.With the Children Drug Utilization Index (cDUI),the rationality of using antibiotics was estimated.The database was established by using SPSS version 18.0 software and the data were analyzed to determine the statistical distinction among the percentage by the Chi square test (P ＜ 0.05).Results Of them,70.96％ pediatric patients were below 3 years old (excluding newborns).Of them,62.36％ patients had positive findings of viral infection.The predominant viruses of respiratory infection were syncytial virus accounting for 30.43％,the influenza viruses 24.63％ and the para-influenza virus 10.14％.The patients with positive results in vital test were more vulnerable to lower respiratory infection than those with negative results.The pneumonia patients with positive finding of syncytial virus accounted for 85.71％ (18 patients) in which the median cDUI was 1.30.The antibiotics were given to 28 pneumonia patients with positive virus test,in which the median cDUI was 1.05.Of 28 pneumonia patients,4 (16％) had positive bacteria growth in sputum cultures,and 4 cases (16％) had positive bacteria growth in blood cultures.Conclusions In the district of hospital,the lower respiratory infection was usually caused by viruses.Therefore,antibiotics should not be given in patients without evidence of bacterial infection.It is a irrational strategy to use antibiotics in those patients when the Children Drug Utilization Index is high (＞ 1.0).It is paramount important to notice that the percentage of positive bacteria growth in sputum cultures is usually not high because the antibiotics are given by OPD physicians before hospitalization of patients with bacterial infections in the acute respiratory illness.