Patients with hypertension are at risk of chronic heart failure(CHF) and management of hypertension will reduces the risk of CHF.ACE inhibitor,angiotension Ⅱreceotor antagonists(ARB),Beta-Blockers and diuretics are appear to be more effective than calcium channel blockers in preventing or dslaying the onset of CHF.The target BP that should be reached in patients with CHF is 130/80 mmHg.There is strong evidence from clinical trials show that the combination of two or three antihypertensive drugs above is reasonable.The use of ACE inhibitors/ARB and beta-biockers in all patients with established systolic heart failure who do not have contraindications is the preferred choice with the reduce of mortality.No treatment has yet been shown,convincingly,to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure.

Heart Failure ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers ; therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Heart Failure ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; drug effects

Heart Failure, Diastolic ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; Humans

Chronic Disease ; Heart Failure ; Humans

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Consensus ; Humans ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Chronic Disease ; Guidelines as Topic ; Heart Failure ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of endogenous and highly conservative RNA,with length of about 20 to 24 nucleotides and tissue specificity.MiRNA regulates the expression of target genes by pairing with complementary mRNA in the transcription level mRNA or inhibiting mRNA translation.Several studies have shown the miRNA subtype genes,such as miR-126,miR-31,miR-200b and miR-29,in a certain related to the formation of new blood vessels in diabetic retinopathy (DR),through a series of regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression,thereby inhibiting or promoting angiogenesis.VEGF can stimulate vascular endothelial cell hyperplasia and generate new blood vessels,which damage blood-retinal barrier and accelerate the progress of DR.Therefore,revealing the effect and mechanism of miRNA on the pathogenesis of DR,new blood vessels are the important research direction,which can offer us new strategy for prevention and cure of DR.In this article,we reviewed the research progress of miRNA in neovascularization formation of DR.

In the 70s of last century, the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) mainly uses inotropic drugs, diuretic and vasodilators, which can improve the hemodynamic condition and have no change in mortality in patients. Since the end of 1980s, excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system have demonstrated to play a key role in the pathophysiology of CHF. Blockade of these two systems can significantly reduce the mortality of CHF, which become a comerstone of the treatment of heart failure. Since 2010, three different types of drugs namely ivabradine, LCZ696 and a kind of traditional Chinese medicine have been shown confirmed the curative effects for heart failure, that means a new concept of CHF treatment, neurohormonal blockade/inducing and systematical regulation.

Objective To investigate the distribution of pathogens detected in blood cultures and the value of double blood cul‐ture .Methods There were 2 033 cases of blood cultures including 1 425 cases of single blood culture and 608 cases of doube blood cultures were in the study .Blood cultures were performed by using Bact/Alert3D automated detection system ,and the positive blood culture results were statistically analyzed .Results There were 251 blood culture positive samples ,the detection rate was 12 .3% (251/2 033) .Among them ,the positive rate of single blood culture was 11 .9% (169/1 425);positive rate of double blood culture was 13 .5% (82/608) .There were 216 strains of pathogenic bacteria(repeatedly culture of the same pathogen from the same patient only accounted for 1 strain) .The isolates of gram positive(G+ ) cocci accounted for 65 .7% (142/216) and the major bacteria were coagulase negative Staphy lococci .Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii were the dominant isolates among Enterobac‐teriaceae[accounted for 20 .8% (45/216)] and Non‐fermenting gram‐negative(G-) rods[accounted for 8 .8% (19/216)] ,respective‐ly .The isolating rate of doube blood cultures was significantly higher than the single one(P<0 .05) .Coagulase‐negative staphylo‐coccus were isolated primarily in single blood culture and double blood culture with only one test postive .Non‐fermenting gram‐neg‐ative rods and fungi were the most common strains isolated from double blood culture with two tests both postive .Conclusion The distributions of pathogens isolated from single blood culture ,double blood culture with only one test positive and two tests positive are different .Because collecting double sets of blood cultures can significantly increase the isolating rates and distinguish contamina‐tion from real bloodstream infection ,collecting double sets of blood cultures should be recommended .Double blood culture is helpful to improve the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria and bacteria identification .