Objective The paper is an attentative effort to evaluate the reaction and mechanism of estrogen on pregnant rabbits with acute lung injury caused by hemorrhagic shock. Methods Sixty pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 10 rabbits in each group, namely normal control group (NG group, with anesthesia only), estrogen group (E2G group, with additional estrogen injection at 60 min) and the other four hemorrhagic shock groups underwent hemorrhagic shock (i.e. E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group;mean blood pressure-40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)by phlebotomy for 15 min. After maintenance of the pressure for 45 min, the rabbits were treated with E2(0.37 mg/kg), fructose injection(5%,2 ml/kg), the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases(p38MAPK) inhibitor SB-203580 (2 mg/kg) or E2 plus SB-203580. Tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6) were measured at different time points(0 min, 60 min, 80 min and 260 min), lung tissue methane dicarboxylic aldehyde(MDA) level, lung tissue myeloperoxidase(MOP), superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, lung tissue dry weight/wet weight (DW/WW) value were measured after the experiment was finished, pulmonary pathology of the rabbits was observed. Result (1) Serum TNF-α level of NG group and E2SG group were not significantly different compared with the other four groups at the 0 min and 60 min. At 80 min and 260 min of experiment, serum TNF-αlevel of all the four shock groups were increased, E2SG group [(172.4±16.0) and (216.7±18.6) ng/L], FSG group [(171.6 ± 9.1) and (263.9 ± 7.8) ng/L], SBSG group [(172.8 ± 7.2) and (300.6 ± 4.8) ng/L], E2SBSG group [(167.9±4.8 )and (261.8±9.6) ng/L], and significantly higher than NG group and E2G group, separately (P<0.05). (2) Serum IL-6 level of NG group and E2SG group were not significantly different compared with the other four groups at the 0 min, 60 min and 80 min. At 260 min, the serum IL-6 level[(98.3 ± 0.9) and (110.4 ± 1.8) ng/L;(120.9 ± 2.3)and (109.8 ± 2.6) ng/L] of the four shock groups (E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) were significantly higher than NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (3) Lung tissue MDA level [(2.20± 0.12),(2.57±0.11),(3.17±0.08), (2.75±1.09) nmol/mg] and MPO activity [(4.45±0.25),(6.65±0.56),(9.55±0.30), (6.78 ± 0.11) U/mg] of the four shock groups (E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) were higher than NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (4) Lung tissue SOD activity [(51.8 ± 1.8),(40.2 ± 1.5), (30.0 ± 1.7),(41.2 ± 2.0) U/mg] was significantly higher in the four shock groups(E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) compared with NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (5) Lung tissue DW/WW value(0.143 ± 0.008, 0.127 ± 0.008, 0.109 ± 0.006, 0.125 ± 0.008) was significantly lower in the four shock groups(E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) compared with NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (6) Lung tissue of the rabbits in NG group and E2G group is basically normal without obvious pathology changes. Lung tissue pathological damage of rabbits was observed in the four shock groups, and the pathological damage of rabbits in SBSG group was most serious. Conclusion Estrogen can reduce acute lung injury of pregnant rabbits with hemorrhagic shock, the p38MAPK pathway plays a critical role in mediating the salutary effects of E2 on shock-induced acute lung injury.

The health of human, animal and environment is under serious threat from the increasing emerging infectious diseases (EID).Through strengthening the three-level disease prevention network, expanding infectious disease surveillance system and multi-sectoral joint cooperation mechanism, the quick, effective and strong prevention and control system of emerging and imported infectious diseases has been established in Shanghai.Since 2013, through effective control of EIDs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS), influenza A H1N1 and H7N9 avian influenza, as well as imported infectious diseases (IID) such as Ebola virus disease, middle east respirators syndrome(MERS), Zika virus disease and yellow fever, the surveillance and response capacity has been improved significantly, and the prevention and control system has been improved gradually.As an international megalopolis under globalization, Shanghai is faced with the challenges as follows: growing pressure to infectious diseases prevention and control, increasingly serious situation of EIDs and IIDs;prevention and control skills need to be improved and the current personnel cannot meet with the demands.In order to meet the challenges, infectious disease monitoring and early warning technology should be strengthened; the sensitivity of infectious disease surveillance and early-warning capacity should be improved; EID symptom complex monitoring system should be established; personnel training should be strengthened, domestic and international cooperation and exchange should be carried out;so as to safeguard public health security and public health in Shanghai.

Kidney injury and decreased chemosensitivity of tumor cells are obstacles with cisplatin (CDDP) chemotherapy. Down-regulation of the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is a key means to alleviate CDDP-induced kidney injury and increase chemosensitivity. Astragaloside IV (AS IV) is obtained from the well-known traditional Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. This study explored the role of AS IV in preventing kidney injury and enhancing the antitumor effect of CDDP by suppressing OCT2 expression in kidney and MRP2 in tumors. This project was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Jilin University. The effects of AS IV on CDDP inhibition of tumor growth and promotion of apoptosis were assessed in Lewis lung tumor (LLC)-bearing mice by H&E and TUNEL staining. Kidney injury was assessed by serum biochemical parameters and H&E staining. We used Western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays to detect OCT2 and MRP2 expression in kidney and tumor. The concentration of CDDP in kidney and tumor was measured by HPLC-MS/MS. AS IV enhanced CDDP chemosensitivity by increasing tumor cell apoptosis and slowing tumor growth, and decreased kidney injury as evidenced by lower blood creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Co-administration of AS IV suppressed MRP2 overexpression induced by CDDP in tumor tissues and may be an important mechanism for enhancing CDDP chemosensitivity. Moreover, AS IV reduced CDDP-induced kidney injury in mice along with suppression of OCT2 expression in kidney. The concentration of CDDP was increased in tumor but decreased in kidney. In total, AS IV not only enhanced the antitumor effect of CDDP by suppressing MRP2 expression in tumor cells, but also decreased kidney injury induced by CDDP. The results provide new insight into the combined use of a chemotherapy drug and natural ingredients to treat cancer.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) in the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in hypoxia conditions.

METHODSThe following groups in this study were set up: control group, hypoxia group, 50 micromol/L CQ + hypoxia group, 50 micromol/L CQ group. The viability of PASMCs in every group was detected by MTT assay. Autophagic vacuoles in the cells were observed by MDC staining. Protein expression of microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) was measured by Western blot. Migration of PASMCs was detected by wound healing assay.

RESULTSCompared with control group, no effect on the viability of PASMCs was observed treated by CQ alone. In 1% hypoxia group, cell viability increased significantly compared with that in control group. The number of autophagic vacuoles and the rate of cell migration and also protein expression of LC3-II were also markedly increased. Compared with hypoxia group, addition of CQ increased the number of autophagic vacuoles and the levels of LC3-II protein, but decreased the proliferation and migration of PASMCs.

CONCLUSIONHypoxia could activates autophagy and contributes to proliferation and migration of PASMCs, and autophagy inhibitor CQ could decrease the effect of hypoxia on PASMCs through inhibiting autophagy process.

Autophagy ; drug effects ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cell Movement ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Chloroquine ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; drug effects ; Pulmonary Artery ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy of nucleosides as a prophylactic agent against reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HBsAg-positive patients with non-hepatic tumors after chemotherapy.

METHODSFifty-eight patients with non-hepatic tumors were divided into prevention group and control group. The patients of prevention group received nucleosides as a prophylactic agent before chemotherapy and were compared with the control ones about the clinical manifestation of HBV reactivation. Then, the patients of the control group were divided into three groups according to antiviral drugs, use or not and time of the use. The patients having HBV reactivation but never received nucleosides were included in the group A, the patients receiving nucleosides after having HBV reactivation were divided into the group B, and the patients receiving nucleosides before HBV reactivation were divided into the group C. The progression, prognosis and curative effect among the three groups were compared.

RESULTSThe rate of HBV reactivation, incidence of severe hepatitis, mortality rate of the control group (61.1%, 27.8%, 16.7%) were significantly higher than those of the prevention group (13.6%, 0, 0), and liver dysfunction was more serious than that in the prevention group. In the control group, all the 5 patients of group A died of liver failure. Of the 13 patients in the group B, 4 cases suffered from severe hepatitis and 1 of them died of the disease. Of the 18 patients in the group C, 4 cases suffered from HBV reactivation, but the clinical manifestation was milder than that of the group B.

CONCLUSIONNucleosides can be used as a prophylactic measure to prevent HBV reactivation. If chemotherapy had begun, the use of nucleosides may reduce the risk of HBV reactivation. Even if patients had suffered from HBV reactivation, the use of nucleosides may still help the recovery of liver function and improve prognosis.

Adult ; Antineoplastic Agents ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; Breast Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Guanine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; physiology ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; therapeutic use ; Lung Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; Lymphoma ; blood ; drug therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nucleosides ; therapeutic use ; Pyrimidinones ; therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Thymidine ; analogs & derivatives ; Virus Activation ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo analyze the characteristic of bacterial infections, and the relationship between antibiotics treatment and bacterial infections after liver transplantation, and to prevent antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

METHODS86 liver transplant recipients were retrospected. Different indexes including limited daily dose, the frequency of medication, drug use index were used to evaluate the rationality of the use of antibiotics, three-dimensional test was used to explore extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC enzyme of Gram-negative bacteria.

RESULTSThe major pathogens of infection after liver transplantation were Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter cloacae, fungi and E. coli. Pre-operative antibiotic utilization rate was 83.7%, it was mainly a single use of antibiotics; After- operative antibiotic usage was 100.0%, it was mainly joint use of two or three antibiotics; The top 3 antibiotics used were cephalosporins, the combined enzyme inhibitors and penicillin. Antibiotics with drug utilization index (DUI) more than 1.1 included ampicillin and Lalin proxy. 43.3% and 31.8% of Gram -Negative bacteria produced ESBLs and AmpC, respectively, while 21.3% Gram -Negative bacteria produced two enzymes.

CONCLUSIONThere is high incidence of bacterial infections after liver transplantation. The use of antibiotics is high dose, high-frequency and reasonable; High resistance of bacterial infections was prone to develop and the prevention of the high resistance of bacterial infections is very important.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections ; drug therapy ; etiology ; microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; drug effects ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult ; beta-Lactamases ; biosynthesis

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of estrogen on renal function of pregnant rabbits with hemorrhagic shock.

METHODSForty pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into 4 groups, namely normal control group (NG group, with anesthesia only), estrogen group (E2 group, with additional estrogen injection at 60 min), estrogen-hemorrhagic shock (E2SG) group and fructose-hemorrhagic shock (FSG) group. In the latter two groups, the rabbits were subjected to phlebotomy for 15 min to induce hemorrhagic shock with a blood pressure of 40 mmHg; after maintenance of the pressure for 45 min, intravenous injections of estrogen or fructose were given before resuscitation 20 min later. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) concentration were measured at different time points and renal pathology of the rabbits was observed.

RESULTSNo significant differences were founding serum BUN and Cr levels between NG and E2G groups during the experiment. In FSG and E2SG groups, serum BUN level began to increase at 80 min after hemorrhagic shock and was significantly higher in FSG group (P<0.05); serum Cr level increased progressively from the start of the experiment and began to decrease at 60 min, with a faster rate of reduction in E2SG group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONEstrogen can effectively lower serum BUN and Cr levels and ameliorate renal pathologies to offer protective effect in pregnant rabbits against hemorrhagic shock.

Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Estrogens ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Kidney ; drug effects ; pathology ; Pregnancy ; Rabbits ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; pathology ; physiopathology

Objective To evaluate the effects of estrogen on renal function of pregnant rabbits with hemorrhagic shock. Methods Forty pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into 4 groups, namely normal control group (NG group, with anesthesia only), estrogen group (E2 group, with additional estrogen injection at 60 min), estrogen-hemorrhagic shock (E2SG) group and fructose-hemorrhagic shock (FSG) group. In the latter two groups, the rabbits were subjected to phlebotomy for 15 min to induce hemorrhagic shock with a blood pressure of 40 mmHg; after maintenance of the pressure for 45 min, intravenous injections of estrogen or fructose were given before resuscitation 20 min later. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) concentration were measured at different time points and renal pathology of the rabbits was observed. Results No significant differences were founding serum BUN and Cr levels between NG and E2G groups during the experiment. In FSG and E2SG groups, serum BUN level began to increase at 80 min after hemorrhagic shock and was significantly higher in FSG group (P<0.05);serum Cr level increased progressively from the start of the experiment and began to decrease at 60 min, with a faster rate of reduction in E2SG group (P<0.05). Conclusion Estrogen can effectively lower serum BUN and Cr levels and ameliorate renal pathologies to offer protective effect in pregnant rabbits against hemorrhagic shock.

Objective To evaluate the effects of estrogen on renal function of pregnant rabbits with hemorrhagic shock. Methods Forty pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into 4 groups, namely normal control group (NG group, with anesthesia only), estrogen group (E2 group, with additional estrogen injection at 60 min), estrogen-hemorrhagic shock (E2SG) group and fructose-hemorrhagic shock (FSG) group. In the latter two groups, the rabbits were subjected to phlebotomy for 15 min to induce hemorrhagic shock with a blood pressure of 40 mmHg; after maintenance of the pressure for 45 min, intravenous injections of estrogen or fructose were given before resuscitation 20 min later. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) concentration were measured at different time points and renal pathology of the rabbits was observed. Results No significant differences were founding serum BUN and Cr levels between NG and E2G groups during the experiment. In FSG and E2SG groups, serum BUN level began to increase at 80 min after hemorrhagic shock and was significantly higher in FSG group (P<0.05);serum Cr level increased progressively from the start of the experiment and began to decrease at 60 min, with a faster rate of reduction in E2SG group (P<0.05). Conclusion Estrogen can effectively lower serum BUN and Cr levels and ameliorate renal pathologies to offer protective effect in pregnant rabbits against hemorrhagic shock.

Moyamoya disease is a chronic cerebrovascular disease characterized by stenosis or occlusion at the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery, accompanied by the formation of an abnormal vascular network. If these cerebral angiography findings are only seen in one hemisphere of the brain, it is unilateral moyamoya disease (U-MMD). Numerous studies have shown that U-MMD is not uncommon. The latest version of diagnostic criteria has clearly diagnosed U-MMD as Moyamoya disease, rather than being a "possible" moyamoya disease. The pathogenesis of this disease involves genetic, immune, and environmental factors, but the exact cause is currently unclear. Compared with the bilateral moyamoya disease, the U-MMD has different clinical features and imaging manifestations, and has better surgical outcome, and many risk factors promote its progression to the contralateral side. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment, and surgical outcome of U-MMD, and looks forward to the future research directions.