The precise measurement in lens thickness in vivo, provides great application value for intraocular accommodation and ametropia development mechanism research.And it has great clinical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma and cataract.Currently, many ultrasonic methods and optical methods are used in measuring lens thickness.The measurement principles, advantages, disadvantages and the accuracy of the instruments are summarized in this paper.Among these methods, Orbscan II, Pentacam, Lenstar and AS-OCT can be used to measure lens thickness instead of A-scan.More important is the fact that UL-OCT can dynamically monitor the change of the lens thickness with intraocular accommodation.Choosing an instrument with higher measuring accuracy to examine the lens thickness, can provide more accurate and convincing lens thickness data for clinical and scientific research.

Objective:To analyze the job preference of doctors at township health center ( THC) and provide references for formulating effective policy. Methods:238 cases of doctors were sampled from Shandong, Anhui and Shaanxi provinces. Using a discrete choice experiment, we analyzed the data with a conditional logit model. Results:The most important job attribution was salary, followed by education for children, permanent post, work location, training opportunity, and years before promotion. The OR value of the monthly income of 8 000 yuan is 7. 0 compared to 2 000 yuan. Doctors will pay 3 857 yuan and 3 294 yuan respectively for better education for children and perma-nent posts. Monthly income increasing to 8 000 yuan will reduce the quitting rate from 35% to 8%, and providing better education for children and permanent posts will reduce 5%. The permanent posts at township health center and non-permanent posts in county hospital have the same appeal to the doctor. Conclusion:When choosing a job, doc-tors at THCs valued salary the most. Improving the education level for children can be beneficial for attracting and re-taining doctors at THCs. A permanent post is more attractive to doctors than non-permanent posts at THCs.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,diagnosis and therapy of adrenal incidentalomas. Methods The data of 66 cases of adrenal incidentalomas were retrospectively analyzed. Results The accuracy rates of localization detected by B-Ultrasound,CT scan and MRI were 84.3%,100% and 100% respectively. The accuracy rates of qualitative diagnosis by B-Ultrasound, CT scan and MRI were 30.0%,75.5% and 79.2% respectively. There were 60 cases underwent operation and the postoperative pathological examination confirmed that there were 31 cases of adrenal cortical adenoma, 6 cases adrenal cyst, 5 myelolipoma, 5 pheochromocytoma, 3 adrenal cortical carcinoma, 3 metastatic carcinoma, 3 ganglioneuroma, 1 adrenal neurilemmoma, 1 adrenal hematoma, and 1 nodular hyperplasia of adrenal cortex. Conclusions Ultrasonography is the first choice of scanning adrenal incidentaloma. However the CT scan and MRI are satisfactory in localization of the tumour. The qualitative diagnosis of adrenal incidentaloma will depend on the diameter, imaging features of tumors, the age of patients, and endocrine examination.

BACKGROUND:In recent years,it has been shown in studies that regulation of the expression of Has1 is very important to maintain neural stem cells and regulate its differentiation during the development of embryonic nervous system.Moreover,upregulation of Hes1 expression is required for quiescent adult flbroblasts resuming proliferation.This indicates that there is a close relationship between Hes1 and some potential stem cells in adult.Therefore,the study of Hes1 expression in neural stem cells and its relationship with adult neurogenasis is put on the agenda.However,the expression of Hes1 in adult brain is still not clear.OBJECTIVE:To observe the expression of Hea1 in adult mouse brain and the cell types of Has1 positive cells.METHODS:Totally 12 adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly evenly divided into two groups by using the random number table.For the first group,the mouse brain was removed directly and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of Has1 in the adult mouse brain.For the second group,Brdu was injected intraperitoneally to every mouse with a dosage of 200 mg/kg,once a day,for 3 days.The mouse brain was removed at 4 days and then double staining was carded out to observe and analysis the cell types of Hes1 positive cells in hippocampus.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Hes1 was expressed in all the observed anatomical site where neural cells exist,Brdu positive cells nearly all expressed Hea1,NeuN positive cells all expressed Has1,whereas GFAP positive cells did not express Hes1 completely.Hes1 was expressed in all neurons and neural stem cells,and glial cells did not express Hes1.

Objective To assess the genes polymorphisms associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Chinese quantitatively or qualitatively by searching all case control studies related comprehensively.Methods Odds ratio (OR) and 95％ confidence intervals (95％ CI) were determined for each polymorphism using fixed or random model with Revman 5.1.Results Statistically significant associations with ICH were detected with both ε4-carrier genotypes and ε2-carrier genotypes of apolipoprotein E (OR =1.59,95％ CI 1.23-2.04,P ＜ 0.01 and OR =1.92,95％ CI 1.50-2.47,P ＜0.01),methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (OR =2.08,95％ CI 1.52-2.83,P ＜ 0.01) and angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deficiency (OR =2.34,95％ CI 1.82-3.02,P ＜ 0.01),but no statistical association was detected for plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (OR =1.27,95％ C10.84-1.93,P =0.26).Furthermore,two out of ten polymorphisms,each of which was investigated in a multicenter study with sample size larger than 400,also suggested a positive association with ICH.They were apolipoprotein A (OR =1.64,95％ CI 1.21-2.21,P ＜0.01) and vessel endothelial growth factor 2 (OR =3.22 ;95％ CI 1.63-6.37,P ＜ 0.01) respectively.Conclusions ε2 and ε4 carriers of apolipoprotein E,angiotensin converting enzyme I/D,methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T,lower repeats of TTTTA of apolipoprotein A and vascular endothelial cell growth factor 2 rs2305948 polymorphisms are the possible genetic risk factors in Chinese.In conclusion,several genes are identified as to be susceptible to ICH in Chinese by our well defined criteria,however,the evidence for majority of studies is limited.

BACKGROUND:Constant magnetic field of proper intensity can inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells,and it can be used to inhibit the restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of constant magnetic field of different intensities on the expression of osteopontin gene in rat aorta smooth muscle cells, so as to investigate whether magnetic field can be used to prevent and treat restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention.DESIGN: A randomly grouping and controlled observation.SETTING: Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiments were carried out in the laboratory of Department of Cardiology (Military Institute of Cardiovascular Disease), Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from February to December in 2006. Male pure SD rats of 200-250 g were used.METHODS : Rat aorta smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro in DMEM medium containing fetal bovine serum (0.1 in volume serum), and then the cells were randomly divided into control group, constant magnetic field of 1, 5, 10 and 50 Gs groups, those in the control group were not treated with magnetic field, and those in the other groups were treated with magnetic field and cultured for another 48 hours. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were combined with absorbance (A) scanning analysis to observe the effect of constant magnetic field on the expressions of osteopontin and its mRNA in smooth muscle cells.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expressions of osteopontin and its mRNA in smooth muscle cells.RESULTS: The expressions of osteopontin and osteopontin genes in the constant magnetic field groups were significantly decreased as compared with that in the control group (P ＜ 0.05), there were also significant differences among the constant magnetic field groups of different intensities (P ＜ 0.05). It was indicated that the stimulation of constant magnetic field was in an intensity-dependent manner, and the expressions of osteopontin and osteopontin mRNA were enhanced as the intensity of magnetic field was increased.CONCLUSION: Constant magnetic field of proper intensity can inhibit the osteopontin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells on the gene level, and magnetic field may play a role in preventing and treating the restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for quality evaluation of Ejiao. METHODS:The contents of 17 amino acids in 18 batches of Ejiao from 18 manufacturers were analyzed by automatic amino acid analyzer;the content data was processed by prin-cipal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA),in order to understand the relationship among these amino acids and categorize the Ejiao products. RESULTS:Except for a batch of Ejiao,the other 17 batches contained 17 various amino acids,including 7 necessary amino acids(Thr,Val,Met,Ile,Leu,Phe and Lys)for human being,especially the contents of Gly and Pro were higher. The total content of amino acids was arranged from 66.1% to 82.0%,showing great difference. Four main components were extracted by PCA,the cumulative contribution of which was 89.578%,and accordingly it may be consid-ered that Pro,Ala,Glu,Asp,Leu,Ile and Thr were characteristic amino acids of Ejiao products. In hierarchical clustering analy-sis,3 tree figures of commercial Ejiao product were achieved and Euclidean distance was varied among 0-25. CONCLUSIONS:There is great difference in total control of amino acid in commercial Ejiao product;Ejiao products from various manufacturers dif-fer in their amino acid contents. Ejiao is rich in collagen,and therefore,using amino acid determination would be helpful to moni-tor its quality.

Objective To observe the difference in treament of thoracolumbar vertebral bodies fractures be- tween AF nail and Dick nail.Methods From March 1998 to March 2007,85 cases of thoracolumbar vertebral bod- ies fractures were followed up.20 cases were fixed with Dick nail,and 65 cases with AF nail.Results The mean,fol- low-up period was 12 months.By comparison of the operating rime,bleeding amount,the recovery rate of vertebral height,the reduction of Cobb angle and capacity of vertebral canal,AF nail was much better than Dick nail.But there was no marked difference in the recover of nerve function.Conclusion AF nail has more power to reduce vertebral height and is easier to set than Dick nail.It will be worthy of more and wider application in basic level hospitals.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) of the myocardium in vivo.

METHODSA total of 100 volunteers were examined with 1H-MRS scan using a 1.5T MR scanner, and the magnetic resonance spectra were analyzed.

RESULTSAll the volunteers completed the examinations, and the spectral peaks were identified with the chemical shifts of water (4.7 ppm), choline (3.2 ppm), creatine (3.0 ppm), and triglyceride (0.9-1.6 ppm), whose presentation ratios were 100%, 86%, 90%, and 98%, respectively. In 86 cases the spectra showed all the chemical shifts. The myocardial metabolite contents were expressed as the ratio of metabolites to water (%), and the contents of choline, creatine, and triglyceride were 1.94%, 1.95%, and 9.41%, respectively.

CONCLUSION(1)H-MRS can be used in detecting the metabolic products of myocardium in vivo.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Heart ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Young Adult

Objective To determine the accuracy of prevalence data sets on tobacco use so as to measure the risk of tobacco use and the impact of tobacco control in China.Methods Three published data sets on nation-wide survey were reviewed,and compared.Two principles were applied to determine the accuracy of the data on prevalence: ) The estimated consumption of cigarettes based on the currentprevalence rate on smokers should have been close to the actual cigarette consumption level; ii) change on the annual prevalence of male current smokers should be around 1% in China,since the international experience on the prevalence of current smokers tended to decrease at a rate of around 1% per year in the presence of comprehensive tobacco control strategies.Results The differences between the estimated cigarette consumption and the actual cigarette consumption for the three surveys were 51.07 billion through Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS 2002),62.94 billion through the Chinese Citizen Nutrition & Health Survey (CCNHS 2002),and 217.11 billion through the China Health Service Survey (CHSS 2003).In comparison with the national tobacco use survey in 1996,the prevalence of male current smokers apparently dropped by 0.9% in BRFSS 2002,2.2% in CCNHS 2002 and 2.0% per year in CHSS 2003.Thus,the prevalence of current smokers in BRFSS (2002) was more reliable,comparing to the results from the other two surveys.Conclusion The prevalence of current smokers as determined by the BRFSS should be used to reflect the epidemic of tobacco use when implementing the FCTC in China.However,the reporting prevalence rates of tobacco use were different in the different surveys regarding tobacco use,suggesting that the capacity of surveillance on tobacco control should be strengthened,including the standardization of definitions on 'ever-smoker' and 'current smoker',as well as on standardized questionnaire,sampling strategy and the process of data analysis,quality of field work etc.Precise estimation of prevalence appears to be the key point for understanding how many current smokers so as to develop control policy,including setting up 'quit' clinics and evaluating the impact of tobacco control programs.There is an urgent need to establish a national standardized surveillance system to monitor the tobacco epidemics.