There is a broad and urgent need for the clinical application of anticancer nanomedicine in tumor therapy, but the complex biological barrier in solid tumors has always been the main obstacle to infiltrating nanomedicine into the tumor. The traditional design of nanomedicine based on enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect still has some limitations in tumor permeability, it is urgent to find other design theories. Therefore, this review summarizes two novel strategies, active transcytosis and immune cell-mediated tumor penetration, for promoting tumor penetration of anticancer nanomedicine.

Drug Interactions ; Humans ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Ticlopidine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology

Objective To understand psychological pressure of nurses in wards of retired cadres,eatablish incentive mechanism accordingly and further improve nursing quality. Methods Incentive mechanism was applied to nurses in wards of retired cadres to settle their psychological pressure. Results After application of incentive mechanism,14 nurses and 1 nursing worker showed placid psychological state,keep forging ahead actively.Nursing quality of the wards increased. Conclusion Application of incentive mechanism can effectively alleviate psychological pressure of nurses.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Health ; Pneumoconiosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; methods ; Young Adult

Objective To develope a high performance liquid chromatograph ( HPLC ) method for simultaneous determination of nutmeg lignan and dehydrodiisoeugenol before and after processing of nutmeg. Methods The column was Diamonsil C18(250 mmí 4. 6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was methanol-water in a gradient elution mode. The UV detection wave length was 274 nm. The column temperature was 25℃ . The flow rate was 1. 0 mL·min-1 . Results Nutmeg lignan and dehydrodiisoeugenol had a good linear correlation in ranges of 10. 24-61. 44 μg·mL-1(r=0. 999 6) and 3. 0-18. 0 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 8), respectively. The average recovery rates were 97. 94% (RSD=2. 17%) and 97. 11% (RSD=2. 17%). Conclusion The method is simple, accurate, reproducible, and can be used for the simultaneous determination of nutmeg lignan and dehydrodiisoeugenol before and after the processing of nutmeg.

Objective To optimize the processing technology of sliced Myristicae Semen. Methods Roasting temperature, roasting time and the amount of bran were set as factors, and the content of total lignans, volatile oil, fatty oil were set as evaluation indicators. The processing technology of sliced Myristicae Semen was optimized by L9(34) orthogonal test. Results The optimal processing technology was as following: 40 g bran plus 100 g sliced Myristicae Semen, roasting for 20 minutes at 110-120 ℃. Conclusion The process is reasonable and reliable, which can provide references for new processing technology of Myristicae Semen.

Objective To investigate the changes in the expression of keratin genes in renal tissues during renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice.Methods Six wild type male C57/B6 mice,aged 50 days,weighing 20-30 g,were divided into 2 groups (n=3 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (Sham group) and I/R group.Right renal arteries and veins were clamped for 1 h followed by reperfusion,and the left kidneys were removed to establish the model of renal I/R injury.At 24 h of reperfusion,blood samples were collected from the left ventricle for determination of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations by colorimetric method.The right kidney specimens were obtained for pathologic examination and for determination of the expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mRNA (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [qRT-PCR]) and keratin genes (by Affemetrixc DNA microarray).The differentially expressed genes identified were further confirmed by qRT-PCR.Results Compared with Sham group,the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly increased,the expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mRNA was up-regulated (P＜0.05),and the damage to the renal tubules was aggravated in I/R group.The results of microarray analysis showed that only keratin 20 gene (the expresion was up-regulated) was the differentially expressed gene (P＜0.05),and the results measured by qRT-PCR were consistent with those measured by Affemetrixc DNA microarray.Conclusion Keratin 20 gene expression in renal tissues is up-regulated during renal I/R injury in mice,and the change may be involved in the endogenous protective mechanism during renal I/R injury.

From June 1997 to June 2001 intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography(TEE)was used in 493 patients undergoing different cardiovascular operations including correction of congenital heart defect, coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG),cardiac valve replacement and major vascular surgery.The clinical data of these cases were complete and detailed enough for retrospective review.Their cardiac functions were graded to be classⅡ-Ⅳaccording to New York Heart Association(NYHA)classification.The patients ranged in age between 1.6-74 yrs and weighed between 8.5-92 kg.The probe of TEE was inserted in esophagus after tracheal intubation.Preoperative diagnosis was found to be wrong by TEE in 20 cases(4.1%).Additional defect was found in 51 cases(10.3%).The type of operation planned before operation was altered in 52 cases(10.5%). During the operation real time TEE revealed that the operation performed failed to achieve the goal and revision surgery was needed in 24 cases(4.9%).Abnormal hemodynamics and cardiac function were found by TEE after the heart resumed spontaneous beat in 17 cases(3.5%)and appropriate treatment was instituted.Oral and pharyngeal mucous membrane bleeding occurred in 7 cases.There were no serious complications attributable to TEE.Intraoperative TEE is a very useful tool in formulating the surgery,monitoring hemodynamics and assessing immediate results of surgery and is safe and reliable in the hands of trained anesthesiologists.

AIM: To observe the expressions of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in kidney tissues and the contents of endotoxin (ET), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum in emphysema model rats, and to investigate the relationship between lungs and kidney in humoral metabolism. METHODS: The rats of emphysema were treated by injecting lipopolysaccharide into the trachea with cigarette smoking. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis were used to observe the expression of AQP2 in kidney tissues. RT-PCR was applied to detect the expression of AQP2 mRNA in kidney tissues. Blood sample and lung tissue were taken and the levels of ET, IL-1β and TNF-α were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: AQP2 expression in the kidney tissue in model group was greater than that in control group, and the expression of AQP2 mRNA showed the same results (P<0.01). ET, IL-1β and TNF-α levels in serum and lung tissue in model group were markedly higher than those in control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In the emphysema model rats, AQP2 expression is up-regulated in the kidney tissue. The mechanism of emphysema may be related to increasing the levels of ET, IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum and lung tissue obviously.

Objective To observe the effects of eye acupuncture and body acupuncture on tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) expression in the cerebral cortex of rats after ischemia-reperfusion injury,in order to investigate the differences in therapeutic function between eye acupuncture and body acupuncture against acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Method 48 Rats established by suture method were randomly divided into control group,sham operation group,model group,eye-acupuncture in point area group,eye-acupuncture outside point area group and body acupuncture group. After reperfusion 24 h,the neurophysical behaviours were accessed by ZeaLonga neurophysical impairment marks;the levels of plasma TNF-αwere determined by ELISA method;the expression of ischemic cerebral cortex TNF-αmRNA was measured by RT-PCR method;the expression of ischemic cerebral cortex TNF-αprotein was detected by western blot. Results After reperfusion 24 h,compared with control group,neurologic impairment marks of eye-acupuncture therapy in point area group and body acupuncture group both decreased obviously (P<0.01),however there were no significant differences between the eye-acupuncture in point area group and body acupuncture group;the levels of plasma TNF-αin rat cerebral cortex after the eye acupuncture therapy and body acupuncture therapy were obviously decreased (P<0.01),however there were no significant differences between the eye-acupuncture in point area group and body acupuncture group; the expressions of TNF-α mRNA and protein in rat cerebral cortex after the eye acupuncture therapy and body acupuncture therapy were also obviously down-regulated (P<0.01),however there were no significant differences between the eye-acupuncture in point area group and body acupuncture group.Conclusion The eye and body acupuncture therapy show the same effects on treating cerebral ischemia reperfusion. The mechanisms of these two therapies may be related to up regulating TNF-αexpression in rat cerebral cortex with ischemia-reperfusion injury.