Orthodontics is the procedure of managing the space .Space analysis is a comprehensive quantitative analysis that can analyze the factors that influence the arch space .It also helps to judge if the treatment goals can be reached , thus helping the treat-ment plan making and guiding clinical orthodontics .And space analysis related factors include crowding , curve of Spee, arch width, arch growth, arch protrusion, mesiodistal angulation, an so on.In this review, we summarizes the above-mentioned factors.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is extensively used to increasing the in vivo and in vitro stability of liposomes. However, PEGylated liposomes also produce some negative effects with further research, such as low cellular uptake, poor "endosomal escape" of pH sensitive liposome (PSL) and accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon, and this situation is referred as the "PEG dilemma". "PEG dilemma" posed severe challenges for the targeted delivery of PEGylated liposomes-loaded anticancer drugs, effective intracellular release of PEGylated PSL-encapsulated gene and protein drugs, and repeated administration of PEGylated liposomes. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the "PEG dilemma". This review focused on the definition, classification of "PEG dilemma", and discussed several possible approaches to overcome "PEG dilemma".
Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Liposomes ; chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry

Objective To explore the influence of score sheet of colostomy on reduction of complication in non-hospitalized patients with colostomy stoma.Methods 186 patients with colostomy stoma were randomly divided into group A and group B.Group A used the score sheet of colostomy with nurses during hospitalization and after discharge.Group B were in routine treatment without using the score sheet of colostomy.The two groups were followed-up by phone or by visiting in the following 1,3,6 months after discharge.Results The complications between the two groups were evaluated.The risk of the complications was only 14.0％ in group A,and the risk in group B was 36.6％.The results of self-satisfaction degree was significantly different between two groups.Conclusions The use of the score sheet of colostomy can significantly reduce the incidence of stoma complications and obviously improve the quality of life of the patients with colostomy.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is extensively used to increasing the in vivo and in vitro stability of liposomes. However, PEGylated liposomes also produce some negative effects with further research, such as low cellular uptake, poor "endosomal escape" of pH sensitive liposome (PSL) and accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon, and this situation is referred as the "PEG dilemma". "PEG dilemma" posed severe challenges for the targeted delivery of PEGylated liposomes-loaded anticancer drugs, effective intracellular release of PEGylated PSL-encapsulated gene and protein drugs, and repeated administration of PEGylated liposomes. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the "PEG dilemma". This review focused on the definition, classification of "PEG dilemma", and discussed several possible approaches to overcome "PEG dilemma".

Since γH2 AX was firstly found in 1998 , it has been one of the most important scientific topics and research tools in the related scientific fields. At present, a series of advanced testing methods and analytical technologies have been developed, which exhibited a quite attractive application prospect in the area of life science and medical science. This paper reviewed the latest progress about γH2AX in terms of molecular mechanism of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, development of testing technologies, and the related applications.

Humans ; Accidents, Traffic ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Forensic Medicine ; Autopsy ; Abdominal Injuries ; Thoracic Injuries ; Rupture

Objective To study the effect of cardiac troponin T(cTnT)on the prognosis of chronic heart failure in the elderly patients.Methods Serum level of cTnT,and serum activities of creatine kinase (CK)and creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB)were measured in 60 elderly patients of chronic heart failure with varied classes of cardiac function.Cardiac events,including malignant cardiac arrhythemia,repeated or aggravated heart failure or cardiac death,in patients with increased cTnT during hospitalization were compared to those without it.Results Serum level averaged(89.1?13.6)mmol/L for CK and(7.9? 1.4)mmol/L for CK-MB in 20 patients with Class Ⅱ cardiac function by New York Heart Association (NYHA)classification and without increased cTnT,(88.2?13.4)mmol/L for CK and(7.5?1.8) mmol/L for CK-MB in 19 patients with Class Ⅲ cardiac function and four of them with increased cTnT,and (93.3?14.2)mmol/L for CK and(8.1?1.6)mmol/L for CK-MB in 21 patients with Class Ⅳ cardiac function and 14 of them with increased cTnT.Malignant cardiac arrhythemia occurred in six,repeated heart failure in eight,and death in three of 18 patients with increased cTnT,and one,two and one in 22 patients without increased cTnT,respectively.Incidence of cardiac events was higher in patients with increased cTnT than those without it(P

Objectives To assess outcomes of endovascular treatment for critical limb ischemia in patients with TASC C and D femoropopliteal lesions.Methods Between January 2009 and January 2012,patients with critical limb ischemia for TASC Ⅱ C or D lesions underwent endovascular treatment.Patients demographic,pre-and post- procedure ABI,primary patency rate,limb salvage at 1,3,6,12,24 months were reviewed.Results There were 58 males,38 females, mean age was (76 ± 10 ) years,with Rutherford Ⅳ in 68 limbs,Ⅴ in 23 limbs,Ⅵ in 5 limbs.Successful rate of procedure for target lesions was 94.80％,angioplasty alone was performed in 13 limbs,stent in 80 patients,thromblysis assisted angioplasty and stent in 8 limbs.Stents of popliteal artery were implanted in 47 limbs.Major complication rate was 19.80％,two patients died within 30 days.Mean ABIs were 0.25 ±0.17 and 0.76 ±0.23 before and after procedure.Mean time of follow up was (12 ± 6) months.Primary patency rates and limbs salvage rate were 94.79％ and 95.83％,93.73％ and 95.83％,88.01％ and 93.42％,78.34％ and 93.42％,68.38％ and 83.04％ on 1,3,6,12,24 months respectively.Conclusions Patients with critical limb ischemia caused by TASC C/D lesions often suffer from significant comorbid medical conditions.Endovascular procedure has a high risk of morbidity and restenosis,but short term limb salvage rate is satisfactory.

One hundred and eighty three women with high risk of breast cancer identified in Baoding First Central Hospital from June 2007 to June 2014,were enrolled in the study.In these 183 cases,41 received preventive therapy (22.4％),142 did not.Factors associated with acceptance of chemoprevention included older age,menopause,comorbidities,lower level education,being married,higher BMI,having high level hyperplasia of ductal epthelia and counseling to breast specialists (P ＜ O.05);whilenot informed by doctors was the main reason for failed taking preventive agents(95.1％,135/142).Thirteen of 41 women receiving chemoprevention discontinued the therapy (31.7％);no-insurance,no side-effects and higher BMI were related to the discontinuing (P ＜ 0.05).The 1-,2-,3-,and 5-year adherence rates of chemoprevention was 86.1％ (31/36),65.4％ (17/26),59.1％ (13/22),8/13 and 5/10,respectively.The results show that chemoprevention rate is low among Chinese women at high risk of breast cancer,and the long-term adherence to preventive therapy is poor.Corresponding measures should be taken to strengthen the chemoprevention of breast cancer.

Objective:To establish and identify humanized-SCID mouse model(hu-SCID).Methods:SCID mouse was treated by CTX to inhibit the hemocytopoiesis. With successive 4-day injection, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) were engrafted into SCID mouse through intraperitoneal injection. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks of engraftment, peripheral blood, spleen and liver tissues of engrafted SCID mouse were harvested. Human CD3~+, CD19~+ cells in peripheral blood were analyzed by inflorescence microscopy and FCM, human CD3~+, CD19~+ cells in spleen and liver tissues were observed by immune histochemistry, and human IgG level in SCID mouse serum was measured by ELISA.Results:After engraftment of 4, 8 and 12 weeks, human CD3~+, CD19~+ cells in SCID peripheral blood were identified by inflorescence microscopy and the percents were 31% and 10% respectively by FCM analysis. And these cells could be evidenced after 12 weeks later. Through immune histochemistry human CD3~+、CD19~+ cells were detected in mouse spleen but not in liver tissue. Furthermore the titer of human IgG in mouse serum was 390,1 100 and 1 040 ?g/ml at each time point respectively.Conclusion:Our experimental results demonstrated that a bona fide humanized SCID model was established.