There is a broad and urgent need for the clinical application of anticancer nanomedicine in tumor therapy, but the complex biological barrier in solid tumors has always been the main obstacle to infiltrating nanomedicine into the tumor. The traditional design of nanomedicine based on enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect still has some limitations in tumor permeability, it is urgent to find other design theories. Therefore, this review summarizes two novel strategies, active transcytosis and immune cell-mediated tumor penetration, for promoting tumor penetration of anticancer nanomedicine.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Ventricular Premature Complexes ; therapy

Objective To observe the corneal nerve fibres damage in different stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR) with type 2 diabetes.Methods A cross-sectional study.One hundred and twenty eyes of 120 patients with type 2 diabetes served as diabetes group.According to International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scales (2002),diabetes patients were classified into 4 subgroups:patients without diabetic retinopathy (NDR),patients with mild or moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (mNPDR),patients with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (sNPDR) and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR),each subgroup has 30 eyes of 30 patients.Another 30 eyes of 30 healthy participants served as control group.All eyes were scanned with HRT3 in vivo corneal confocal microscopy.Images of sub-basal nerve plexus were quantified including nerve fiber length (NFL),nerve fiber density (NFD),nerve fiber branch density (NFB),and nerve tortuosity (NT).The correlations of corneal nerve fiber with age,duration of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1 c) were analyzed using Spearman correlation analysis.Results NFL,NFD and NFB were found to be significantly lower in diabetic patients (F=147.315,142.586,65.898;P=0.000,0.000,0.000),NT was significantly greater in diabetic patients (F=39.431,P=0.000),when compared to control group.In diabetic patients,NFL,NFD and NFB were gradually reduced with DR severity,NT was gradually increased with DR severity.While the difference ofNFL,NFD,NFB,NT was not statistically significant between sNPDR and PDR subgroups (P＞.0.05),but was statistically significant between other subgroups (P＜0.05).Spearman correlation analysis results showed that age (r=-0.071,-0.080,0.001,0.100;P=0.391,0.328,0.991,0.224) and HbAlc (r=-0.109,-0.115,-0.126,0.025;P=0.238,0.211,0.169,0.781) had no correlation with NFL,NFD,NFB,NT.Duration of diabetes was negatively correlated with the NFL,NFD (r=-0.212,-0.264;P=0.020,0.004),positive correlated with NT (r=0.261,P=0.004),and had no correlation with NFB (r=-0.119,P=0.194).Conclusions Corneal nerve fiber loss and nerve tortuosity increased were found in patients with type 2 diabetes,and even without diabetic retinopathy.The progress of corneal neuropathy was correlated with the severity of DR,but it was not change significantly between sNPDR and PDR.

ObjectiveTo summarize the nursing measures for patients with nasal facial soft tissue defect treated with transplantation of free foot skin flap.MethodThe clinical data of 13 patients with transplantation were reviewed to summarize the nursing measures.ResultAll skin flaps of the 13 patients survived.ConclusionEnough preoperative preparation,active psychological nursing and careful postoperative observation are critical for the success of the operation.

Objective To observe the clinical significance and laboratory diagnostic values of Pre-S1 antigens (Pre-S1)and its relativity to HBeAg and HBV-DNA after using interferon in association with kurarinone.Methods The content of Pre-S1 and HBV-M was detected by ELISA and the levels of HBV-DNA were detected by flores- cence quantitative PCR(FQ-PCR)in 100 serum samples of patients with HBV infection and patients after an antivi- ral treatment.Results Matched control in 50 serum of HBsAg-positive and detectable HBV-DNA cases,both 29 samples in 30 HBeAg-positive cases and 17 samples in 20 HBeAg-negative cases Pre-S1s were positive.Treatment set 50 serum of patients after taking two courses of an antiviral treatment for HBV infection,drawing blood to observe related markers,5 cases of effect set were turned into negative for serologic markers and virologic markers.19 cases of valid set,serologic markers were various and the HBV-DNA copies descended 2-3 orders of magnitude.26 cases of invalid set,serologic markers were not various,and 30 % samples of the HBV-DNA copies descended 1～2 orders of magnitude.Conclusion It was supplementary for Pre-S1 to indicate HBV expression when the HBeAg varied.It also provided detcctable laboratory markers in HBV infectivity,replication and therapeutic efficiency evaluation.

Thymus,a main organ for T cell development,plays a pivotal role in adaptive immune response and dealing with the threaten from pathogens and tumors.With the deep understanding of the thymus,people have been realizing that the thymus is extremely sensitive to acute and chronic injuries as well as involution with age.Thymus regeneration can recover its function to a certain level.Up to now,these methods including adoptive thymic epithelial progenitor cells immunotherapy,injection of IL-2 and angiogenesis factor and regulation of c-Met signal are able to promote thymus recovery and T cell regeneration.

Aged ; Humans ; Lung ; surgery ; Male ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Pneumonectomy ; methods ; X-Rays

Objective To investigate the health behavior and the exposure rate of risk factors of rural population with high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods A total of 176 cold region rural COPD high-risk persons were recruited and investigated with Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile Ⅱ (HPLP Ⅱ),Health Behaviour Self-efficacv Scale,general information questionnaire.Results The total score of HPLP was (92.70±11.22) points in the rural area of COPD,and the scores of the nutrition and interpersonal relationship were the highest,which were (20.06±2.75) points,(19.30±3.16) points,health responsibility and sports dimension were lower,which were respectively (13.74±2.60) points,(9.85±2.80) points.Health behavior self-efficacy scored (71.75±7.68) points,which showed significant correlation with HPLP Ⅱ score (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions COPD high-risk population of the cold area health promoting lifestyle and health behavior self-efficacy level are not high.Improving mral population at higher risk of COPD health behavior and self-efficacy level can form good healthy lifestyle and behavior.

Objective To understand the self-efficacy for health behaviors and its influencing factors among investigation of rural chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) high-risk groups.Methods November 2014 using the general questionnaire,Health Behavior Self-efficacy Scale for 176 over 40 yearsold of high-risk populations in rural COPD self-efficacy and health behavior factors research.Results In rural areas at high risk of health behavior self-efficacy scored (71.75±7.68) points,including nutrition and psychological comfortable highest scores which were (14.86±2.03) points and (19.75±3.03) points.Exercise and health responsibilities lower scored 18.90±2.87 and 18.42±2.52.Multiple regression analysis showed that marital status,education level and income were the main factors affecting rural health behavior at high risk of COPD self-efficacy (β=0.384,0.297,0.236,P ＜0.05).Conclusions COPD risk populations in rural areas at the middle level of health behavior self-efficacy,nurses should be given a lower level of education and income were more concerned to help them improve the health behavior self-efficacy.

Objective To investigate the expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and in the adipose tissue of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to explore molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in GDM. Methods The serum and adipose tissue were sampled from patients with GDM (GDM group, n = 20) and normal pregnant women (control group, n = 20). Fasting plasma glucose was measured by glucose oxidase assay. The expressions of IRS-1 protein and mRNA were determined by Western blot and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was measured by immunoprecipitation. Results Compared with control group, in GDM group, the expression of IRS-1 mRNA was markedly decreased (0.61 ±0.06 vs 1.12 ± 0.17, P < 0.01), the expression of IRS-1 protein was significantly decreased (0.57 ±0.08 vs O. 83 ±0.07, P <0.01) and tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly reduced (0.23 ± O. 06 vs O. 62 ±0.04, P < 0.01) in the adipose tissue. Conclusion The decline of protein expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the adipose tissue of gestational diabetes appears to be one of the moleculemechanisms of insulin resistance in patients with GDM.