Objective: To survey the knowledge, attitude and behavior about HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the main districts of Chongqing and to analyze the current status and demand on HIV/AIDS control in the districts. Methods: Questionnaire survey was conducted among MSM, and qualitative interviews of MSM and some key informants, including the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) staff, volunteers and the owners of bars or public bathrooms were done. Results: About 80% of MSM were younger than 30 years old and were unmarried. More than half of MSM had college degree or above. Most of them were students, office staff and entertainment staff, and about 25% of them were bisexual. Television and newspapers were the main pathways to obtain knowledge on HIV/AIDS; friends, free publicity materials, internet and consulting services were also ways to obtain related knowledge. It was found that in the recent six months, 6.5%(50/772) of MSM sold and 3.9%(30/772) bought sexual services, and about 17.1% (132/772) MSM had sex with women in the recent six months. The rates of condom use among MSM when having sex with men and women at every intercourse were 41.9%(271/647) and 29.5%(39/132), respectively. And 82.0%(633/772) of them had intervention service. MSM suggested that their privacy should be fully protected during the intervention, more attractive publicity materials should be provided, and more knowledge was needed on other sex transmitted diseases; the intervention ways should be diversified; and they needed the consultation of professional. The volunteers required more training and independent offices. The owners of entertainment argued that more efforts should be made to encourage the entertainment workers to promote intervention. Conclusion: MSM in the main district of Chongqing have many high risk factors of HIV/AIDS. Though various interventions have been given and some achievement has been made, more efforts are needed to protect the privacy of MSM population and to improve the intervention. And efforts should also be made to promote the initiation of the volunteers, entertainment owners and staff.

In recent years, the incidence rate of breast cancer has increased year by year, and gradually tends to be younger. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has become the standard treatment for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early and effective manner. Multimodal ultrasound plays an important role in evaluating the response of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This article will review the recent research progress of three-dimensional multimodal ultrasound in the evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer .

Practicing and learning platform was preliminary established by teachers to explore the feasibility and availability of ‘ interest-oriented research team’ in promoting professional competence among public health students.Public health students interested in interest-oriented research were recruited.Through this platform,students can learn professional knowledge and conduct practice earlier and complete their study facing the society,community and public.After four years' practice and exploration,students indeed improved the abilities of researching and practicing,therefore,the training model of ‘interest-oriented research team’ needs promoting.

Objectives To study health-related quality of life(HRQOL) of children with subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges.Methods Subjects were 30 children with subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges,50 children with clinical seizures,28 children without clinical seizures and 30 controls.Guardians completed a valid epilepsy-specific HRQOL questionnaire for children,the quality of life in children epilepsy questionnaire(QOLCE).Results Children with subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges have 8 subscales scores lower than control group,2 subscales scores higher than group with clinical seizures.Conclusions Quality of life of children with subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges is better than that of children with clinical seizures.However cognitive,behavior,daily life and social activity are impaired by subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges and lowered the HRQOL of children.

Objective To evaluate the clinical features of central nervous system involvement in brucellosis,and to provide references for clinical treatment and diagnosis.Methods A retrospective review was carried out in 14 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed as neurobrucellosis from October 2008 to September 2011 at the First Hospital of Jilin University.Patients' clinical manifestation,pathogen characteristics,cerebrospinal fluid analysis and imaging data were recorded.Results Among the 14 cases of patients with neurobrucellosis,10 cases had the clinical manifestations of headache and vomiting,11 cases meningeal irritation,2 cases dysphoria and seizures,3 cases apathia,3 cases coma,3 cases positive pathological sign,and 2 cases lower extremities weakness.From the perspective of clinical diagnosis of 14 patients with neurobrucellosis,4 cases were meningitis,of which,meningitis with both lower extremities paralysis were 2 cases; encephalitis in 2 cases; meningoencephalitis in 6 cases; abducent paralysis,decreased vision,myelitis and ataxic gait in 1 case,respectively.All patients were in acute phase and had irregular fever.After combination therapy with antibiotics for 2 to 9 days,body temperature of all patients returned to normal,and they were discharged from the hospital after 1 to 2 weeks.All cases were followed up for 12 months,finding no sequelae.Conclusions Due to the diversity of central nervous system involvement in brucellosis,in case of a patient with long-term fever and neurological symptoms,medical and epidemiological history should be inquired and diagnosis would be made easy based on combination of cerebrospinal fluid with laboratory tests.Early treatment of acute neurological brucellosis has showed a good prognosis.

Objective To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of bariatric surgery for elderly (age ≥ 60 years) or nonelderly (age ＜60 years) obese patients.Methods Literatures were researched using PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library from January 2006 to June 2016 with the key words including bariatric surgery,metabolic surgery,gastric bypass,gastric band,sleeve gastrectomy,biliopancreatic diversion,elderly,aged,over 60 years.The cohort study about clinical efficacy of bariatric surgery for elderly or nonelderly obese patients were received and enrolled,and surgical procedures were unrestricted.Patients with age ≥ 60 years and with age ＜60 years were respectively allocated into the elderly group and nonelderly group.Two reviewers independently screened literatures,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias.Count data were described as odds ratio (OR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI).The heterogeneity of the studies was analyzed using the I2 test.Results Eleven retrospective studies were enrolled in the Meta analysis,and the total sample size was 9 913 patients,including 792 in the elderly group and 9121 in the nonelderly group.The results of Meta analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the early mortality,incidence of postoperative early complication,remission rates of postoperative diabetes,postoperative hypertension,dyslipidemia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome between elderly group and nonelderly group (OR =3.31,1.94,1.00,0.61,0.99,1.40,95 ％ CI:0.86-12.77,1.01-3.74,0.66-1.50,0.34-1.10,0.42-2.29,0.72-2.72,P＞0.05).Conclusion The safety and clinical efficacy of bariatric surgery in the elderly obese patients are equivalent to that of nonelderly patients.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To observe the effects of long-term cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary vascular remode-ling and the protein expression of transforming growth factor-β1 ( TGF-β1 ) in the rats, and to explore the mechanism. METHODS:SD rats (n=36) were randomly divided into control group, 2-week smoke exposure (S-2W) group and 12-week smoke exposure (S-12W) groups.HE staining andα-smooth muscle actin staining were performed to observe the pul-monary vascular remodeling.The protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA) and TGF-β1 in the pulmo-nary arteries was determined by the method of immunohistochemistry.The mRNA expression of TGF-β1 in the pulmonary arteries was evaluated by RT-qPCR.RESULTS:Compared with control group, ratio of pulmonary vessel wall thickness to vessel diameter ( WT%) and percentage of muscularized vessels were significantly increased in S-2W group and S-12W group ( P<0.01) .Significant increases in the protein expression of PCNA and TGF-β1 in smoke exposure groups were ob-served compared with control group.There was significant difference between 2 model groups (P<0.01).Compared with control group, the mRNA expression of TGF-β1 in pulmonary artery walls obviously increased in smoke exposure groups. There was significantly difference between S-2W and S-12W groups (P<0.05).The mRNA expression of TGF-β1 was positively correlated with pulmonary vascular muscularization, WT% and the protein expression of PCNA.CONCLU-SION:Long-term cigarette smoke exposure results in pulmonary artery remodeling in rats.The possible mechanism is that cigarette smoking exposure induces the over-expression of TGF-β1 at mRNA level in pulmonary vessels and promotes the proliferation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells in rats.

OBJECTIVETo retrospectively analyze the causes of death in elderly patients with hypertension in a hospital-based population from 1993 to 2012.

METHODSDuring the study period of over 19 years, a total of 2866 cases of death in 25238 hospitalized hypertensive patients with the age of 60 years or older were documented. Age, gender, complications, cause of death and other relevant variables were collected. All patients were divided into different subgroups according to gender, age or hypertension stage and risk stratification. The mortality of elderly hypertensive patients was analyzed using chi-square test.

RESULTS(1) Target organ damage (TOD) associated with hypertension was present in a substantial proportion of elderly patients. The complications related to death were heart disease (45.15%), stroke (34.37%), renal failure (11.88%), infective disease (4.58%), and cancer (4.06%). (2) Mortality in male elderly hypertension was higher than in women (53.31% vs 46.69%). The percentage of deaths from heart disease and stroke were higher in men than those in women (heart disease: 46.73% vs 43.35%; stroke: 37.04% vs 31.32%). (3) Age-specific constituent ratio of cause of death showed that deaths from stroke were significantly lower in very old patients (> or = 90 years) than in patients with 60-79 years of age (P < 0.01). In addition, deaths from heart disease, renal failure and infection disease were significantly lower in patients with more than 90 years than other patients. Deaths from cancer were highest in patients with 70-79 years of age (P < 0.01). (4) When compared with patients at stage 1 and 2 hypertension, subjects at stage 3 were more likely to die from stroke (P < 0.01) and renal failure (P < 0.05), while less likely to die from heart disease and cancer (P < 0.01). Patients in high and very high risk stratification of hypertension, compared with subjects in low and medium risk were likely to die from renal failure (P < 0.01) whereas less likely to die from heart disease (P < 0.05) and stroke (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONPrevalence of complication and TOD is high in elderly hypertensive inpatients, especially in deaths. The male patients and 60- 79-year-old patients have a higher percentage of causes of death. The stage and risk stratification of hypertension are associated with constituent ratios of the causes of death.

Aged ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; mortality ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Renal Insufficiency ; mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; mortality

ObjectiveTo compare detection rate of pulmonary nodules and the radiation doses of digital tomosynthesis (DTS) and MSCT chest scanning by using the anthropomorphic chest phantom which containsthermoluminescent dosimeters( TLD ) and simulated pulmonary nodules.Methods The radiation doses of DTS and MSCT scanning were measured by using the anthropomorphic chest phantom which contains 45 TLD and simulated pulmonary nodules.The radiation doses of najor organs were converted into effective dose ( ED ). Three radiologists of different clinical experiences independently reviewed and recorded the density,diameter and position of pulmonary nodules.The sensitivity of nodule detection by DTS and MSCT were compared by Fisher exact test and Chi-square test. The paired t test was conducted to analyze the dose levels of DTS and MSCT.ResultsThe sensitivity of detection nodule by DTS and MSCT were 66.7％ (30/45) and 91.1％ (41/45) respectively.Statistically significant difference between the two examinations existed ( x2 =8.073,P ＜ 0.05).The sensitivity of detection - 650 HU ground glass opacity pulmonary nodule by MSCT and DTS were 93.3％ (14/15) and 73.3％ (11/15) respectively.There was no significant difference between DTS and MSCT ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The sensitivity of detection - 800 HU ground glass opacity nodule and ground glass opacity nodule (d ＜ 8 mm) by DTS were 33.3％ (5/15) and 16.7％ (2/12) respectively,which were lower than those by CT[80.0％ (12/15) and 66.7％ (8/12)].The radiation doses of DTS for various organs in the chest were lower than those of CT. Statistical significant difference between DTS and MSCT existed ( lung t =19.69,thoracic vertebral t =30.01,heart t =16.33,liver t =5.06,breast t =9.43,thyroid gland t =8.05 ;P ＜ 0.05).The effective doses of the DTS and MSCT were 0.65 and 7.71 mSv respectively.ConclusionsThere is no difference between the DTS and MSCT in the detection rate of -650 HU ground glass opacity nodule.For detecting the ground glass opacity nodule ( - 800 HU) and ground glass opacity nodule (d ＜ 8 mm),MSCT is superior to DTS. However,the radiation dosage of DTS is 8.41％ of the MSCT scanning.

To explore the effect of Kudiezi injection on renal function in the real world, in order to provide the basis for the clinical medication safety. Patient aged between 18-80 were selected from 18 large hospitals information system (HIS) databases established by clinical research institute for basic traditional Chinese medicine of China academy of Chinese medical sciences. The patients who were treated with Kudiezi injection (24 225 cases) were defined as the exposed group, whereas those who were not treated with Kudiezi injection (14,191 cases) were defined as the non-exposed group. The propensity score method was used to balance the confounding factors. Classic logistic regression, GBM weighted propensity score logistic regression, GBM propensity score weighted logistic regression with covariate and sensitivity analysis were adopted to study the effect of Kudiezi injection on renal function. The results showed no significant difference in the possibility in abnormality in serum creatinine (Scr) (P = 0.940, 0.679, 0.834) and urea nitrogen (BUN) (P = 0, 0.045, 0.164) between both groups. Therefore, the existing data indicated no damage of Kudiezi injection on renal function. Because this study is a retrospective study based on the real world, there may be unknown confounding factors and potential bias. Therefore, further studies shall be conducted to monitor whether Kudiezi injection causes damage on renal function, in order to ensure the clinical medication safety.
Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; Hospital Information Systems ; Humans ; Injections ; Kidney ; drug effects ; physiology ; Kidney Function Tests ; Logistic Models ; Propensity Score ; Retrospective Studies