Thirty investigation items coveredin 30 foreign papers published by 17 countries were analyzed with medical and healthinformation resourceson Internet as its starting point , followed by an elaboration on the informa-tion needs, information access, information retrieval, information assessmentand information using behaviors in different user groups.

Age-related white matter changes are considered as a manifestation of arteriolosclerotic small vessel disease and are associated with advanced age and vascular risk factors.White matter changes have been recognized as one of the manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease.They are the pathological basis of cognitive impairment and functional loss in the elderly.Studies have shown that when white matter changes develop to a certain extent,there will be many clinical symptoms,including cognitive impairment,dementia,depression,gait disturbances,and urinary incontinence,and they are associated with the increased risks of stroke and death.

Carotid Stenosis ; surgery ; Endarterectomy, Carotid ; Humans ; Stents

Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea, Infantile ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Moxibustion

OBJECTIVETo examine the efficacy and safety of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) among patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease.

DATA SOURCESWe searched the major literature repositories, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and EMBASE, for randomized clinical trials published between January 1990 and October 2015 that compared the efficacy and safety of the use of dual blockade of the RAAS versus the use of monotherapy, without applying any language restrictions. Keywords for the searches included "diabetic nephropathy," "chronic kidney disease," "chronic renal insufficiency," "diabetes mellitus," "dual therapy," "combined therapy," "dual blockade," "renin-angiotensin system," "angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor," "angiotensin-receptor blocker," "aldosterone blockade," "selective aldosterone blockade," "renin inhibitor," "direct renin inhibitor," "mineralocorticoid receptor blocker," etc.

STUDY SELECTIONThe selected articles were carefully reviewed. We excluded randomized clinical trials in which the kidney damage of patients was related to diseases other than diabetes mellitus.

RESULTSCombination treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor supplemented by an angiotensin II receptor blocking agent is expected to provide a more complete blockade of the RAAS and a better control of hypertension. However, existing literature has presented mixed results, in particular, related to patient safety. In view of this, we conducted a comprehensive literature review in order to explain the rationale for dual blockade of the RAAS, and to discuss the pros and cons.

CONCLUSIONSDespite the negative results of some recent large-scale studies, it may be immature to declare that the dual blockade is a failure because of the complex nature of the RAAS surrounding its diversified functions and utility. Further trials are warranted to study the combination therapy as an evidence-based practice.

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; drug effects

AIM　To study the pharmacokinetics of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) in human. METHODS　High-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method was used in this study. RESULTS　The pharmacokinetics of GRg3 in 14 healthy volunteers were investigated. After a single oral dose of 3.2 mg.kg-1 in 8 male volunteers, the plasma concentration-time course fitted well to a two-compartment open model, with the following pharmacokinetic parameters: Tmax (0.66±0.10) h, Cmax (16±6) ng.mL-1, T1/2α (0.46±0.12) h, T1/2β (4.9±1.1) h, T1/2(Ka) (0.28±0.04) h, AUC0-∞ (77±26) ng.mL-1.h. No kinetic analysis was made after an oral dose of 0.8 mg.kg-1 GRg3 in 6 other volunteers because of the low concentration, but a good correlation between Cmax and dosage of the two groups was found. CONCLUSION The absorption of GRg3 was rapid in man, and its elimination was rapid after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3. The pharmacokinetic results shows that it exhibited first order kinetic characteristics.

Objective To evaluate the effect of rapamycin on proliferation and cell cycle of human bladder cancer cell line 5637. Methods Total?ly 5637 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 containing 10%fetal bovine serum,100 U/mL penicillin and 100μg/mL streptomycin for adherent cul?ture. Cells were grown at 37℃in a 5%CO2 incubator. The 5637 cells were treated with various concentrations of rapamycin solution(50 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L,200 nmol/L,and 400 nmol/L). The control group was daily treated with single RPMI 1640 without medication. The growth repression rate for 5637 cells was evaluated by MTT. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the effect of rapamycin of different concentrations on cell cycle of 5637 cells. Results Compared to the control group,rapamycin can inhibit the proliferation of 5637 cells in a concentration and time dependent manner. Rapamycin inhibited 5637 cells at G0/G1 thus inhibiting cell proliferation but not inducing apoptosis. Conclusion Rapamycin inhibited growth of 5637 bladder carcinoma cells and arrested cell cycle at G0/G1,indicating that mammalian target of rapamycin may play an important role in proliferation of 5637 cells and act as a new tumor therapeutic target in patients with bladder cancer.

Objective To study the dynamic changes of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and to assess its role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever(HFRS) with renal syndrome. Methods A total of 30 patients with HFRS(case group) and 20 healthy subjects (control group) from Worker Hospital of Finance & Commerce of Qiqihar city were included in the study during 2006 - 2007. Double-antibody sandwich ELISA method was used to measure the level of sICAM-1 in serum samples. Results The serum levels of sICAM-1 in patients with HFRS in early stage, critical stage, convalescent stage were(47.56±6.51), (94.23±15.36), (54.19±8.42)ng/L,respectively. The serum level of sICAM-1 in control group was (22.63±3.40)ng/L. The above values were compared between any two groups, differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). The serum level of urea nitrogen in patients with HFRS in early stage, critical stage, convalescent stage were (5.16±0.12), (33.84±9.24),(8.20±1.30)mmol/L, respectively. The serum level of urea nitrogen in control group was (4.20±0.56)mmol/L.The above value were compared between any two groups, the differences were statistically significant (all P< 0.01). Conclusions sICAM-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of HFRS as protective factors. Cellular immune playes an important role in the pathogenesis of HFRS.

The volatile oils of endophyte isolates R1 (Acremonium sp.) and R2 (Acremonium sp.) from Aqui-laria sinensis were extracted by solvent method. Twenty and sixteen ingredients were identified from the volatile oils of R1 and R2 by GC-MS, respectively. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, hexa-decanoic acid etc., were the main components, whereas terpenoids like 1,8-cineole, zingiberene, ar-curcumene were also found in both oils. It’s the first report about the volatile oil constituents of endophyte isolates from A. sinensis.

AIM To investigate the effects of Tongluo Xingnao Effervescent Tablets (Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Angelicae sinensis Radix and Scutellariae Radix) on the learning and memory function in SAMP8 mice,and improvements in cognitive function.METHODS Morris water maze was used to evaluate the change of cognitive function in SAMP8 mice after they were treated with Tongluo Xingnao Effervescent Tablets for 60 d,and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD),the concentration of protein carbonyls (PC),the ratio of NAD +/NADH in brain tissue were detected by ELISA,the expression of Nampt,SIRT1 and FOXO3 in hippocampus were measured with immunohistochemical methods.RESULTS Tongluo Xingnao Effervescent Tablets shortened escape latency and obviously increased percentage of time in target quadrant in hidden platform test and increased the times entering the target quadrant in spatial probe test in SAMP8 mice.It evidently enhanced the activity of SOD,the ratio of NAD +/NADH and distinctly decreased the protein carbonyls level.Moreover,Tongluo Xingnao Effervescent Tablets could markedly up-regulate the expression of Nampt and SIRT1,but evidently down-regulate FOXO3 protein expression.CONCLUSION The experimental data show that Tongluo Xingnao Effervescent Tablets can enhance the cognitive function of SAMP8 through regulating Nampt/SIRT1/FOXO3 signal pathway.