Objective: To investigate the trends in incidence of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2019 and to examine the effect of age, period and cohort on the incidence of HIV/AIDS, so as to provide insights into the improvements of the HIV/AIDS control measures. Methods: Data pertaining to incidence of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) datasets, and the trends in incidence of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2019 was analyzed with annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) using a jointpoint regression model. The effects of age, period and cohort on the incidence of HIV/AIDS in China were examined with an age-period-cohort model. Results: The age-standardized incidence of HIV/AIDS appeared an overall tendency towards a rise in China from 1990 (0.80/105) to 2019 (2.21/105) (AAPC=3.209%, P<0.05), and the incidence of HIV/AIDS showed a tendency towards a rise from 1990 to 1997 (AAPC=9.044%, P<0.05) and from 1997 to 2003 (AAPC=17.598%, P<0.05), a decline from 2006 to 2014 (AAPC=-8.412%, P<0.05) and remained relatively stable from 2003 to 2006 and from 2014 to 2019 (both P>0.05). The incidence of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise with age, and peaked among patients at ages of 25 to 29 years (4.93/105) and 75 to 79 years (7.38/105). The risk of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline with time, and a reduced risk of HIV/AIDS was found from 1990 to 1994 (RR=0.297), from 1995 to 1999 (RR=0.523), from 2005 to 2009 (RR=0.737), from 2010 to 2014 (RR=0.412) and from 2015 to 2019 (RR=0.351) in relative to the period from 2000 to 2004. The risk of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise with the cohort, and a higher risk of HIV/AIDS was found in the 1930-1934 cohort (RR=1.880) and 2000-2004 cohort (RR=2.978) in relative to the 1955-1959 cohort. Conclusions The incidence of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, and remained at a low level since 2014. The adolescents and elderly were high-risk groups of HIV/AIDS. A variety of health education interventions and intensified active HIV/AIDS screening are recommended.

A label-free electrochemical immunosensor using hollow structure nanomaterials based on its ordered porous and big surface area was designed. Au nanocage, with good conductivity, catalysis, and biocompatibility, was prepared and modified on the surface of glassy carbon electrode with graphene to immobilize antibody of microcystin directly. In the absence of microcystin, biosensor can obtain high current response signal of electrochemical probe ( [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 3-/4-. When microcystin was combined with its antibody specifically, the charge density and mass transfer resistance on the surface of electrode increased, resulting in a decrease of the corresponding peak current of [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 3-/4-. This change was in proportion to the concentration of microcystin indirectly. Experiment conditions such as cultivation time of antigen and concentration of antibody were optimized. The results showed wide linear range of 0. 05 μg/L-1. 0 mg/L and the detection limit of 0. 017 ng/mL. This sensor has good stability and simple production procedure. This sensor provides a new and simple means for the ultrasensitive determination of microcystins in real water samples.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between school bullying and the age at menarche (AAM) in girls, so as to provide references for promoting the healthy growth of girls in puberty. Methods: In April 2022, a total of 987 middle school girls with onset of menarche in Rongchang District of Chongqing were selected by using a stratified random cluster sampling method to carry out a questionnaire survey and physical examination. The t tests,variance analysis and Dunnett t tests were conducted to analyze the differences between individuals who experienced different types of school bullying and AAM. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the association between school bullying and the early age at menarche. Results: The average AAM of 987 girls was (12.13±1.03) years, and 22.90% of them had early AAM. The AAM of those who did not experience bullying events (12.18±0.96) varied significantly with those who experienced bullying events (11.86±1.44) ( t=3.71, P <0.01). The average AAM of individuals who experienced 1, 2, 3 or more school bullying events was (12.08±1.38, 11.74±1.07, 11.61± 1.63 ) years old, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in AAM between girls who did not experience school bullying and those who experienced 1, 2, 3 or more types of school bullying ( F=6.99, P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis found that after adjusting confounding factors, experiencing school bullying ( OR=2.71, 95%CI =2.04-4.27), being deliberately excluded from collective activities or being isolated ( OR=2.58, 95%CI =1.69-4.67), being kicked, pushed or locked in the house ( OR= 2.85 , 95%CI =1.39-4.92), being teased due to physical defects or appearance ( OR=2.74, 95%CI =1.77-5.02), experiencing one school bullying event ( OR=2.33, 95%CI =1.52-4.23), and experiencing two school bullying events ( OR=3.36, 95%CI = 1.82 -7.36), and experiencing three or more school bullying events ( OR=2.89, 95%CI =1.74-5.71) were associated with the early age at menarche ( P <0.05). Conclusion School bullying is related to the earlier AAM among girls. Strengthening school anti bullying education might be helpful for promoting girls healthy growth and development in adolescence.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness and usefulness of group psychological counseling on professional training and education of refresher nurses in neurosurgical operating room. Methods From June 2016 and February 2017, a total of 36 refresher nurses in neurosurgical operating room of Beijing Tian Tan Hospital were recruited as the research subjects. Standardized group psychological counseling was performed for all nurses once per week for 8 weeks. Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were applied to evaluated the nurses' psychological status before and after intervention. Results After group psychological counseling, all the mean scores of SCL-90 scale were significantly decreased than pre-counseling scores, with statistical significance (P<0.05). The scores of SAS and SDS were significantly lower than pre-counseling scores, and the differences were statistically significant (P< 0.01). Conclusions Group psychological counseling could evidently improve the psychological status of refresher nurses and help to adjust their emotion and accommodation for new circumstance in neurosurgical operating room.

Objective:To investigate a brucellosis outbreak caused by contact with unquarantined sheep in Chongqing, and provide reference for prevention and control of brucellosis.Methods:In accordance with the requirements of the "Technical Plan of Brucellosis Prevention and Control Project of Chongqing" and the "Working Specification for Epidemic Disposal of Human Brucellosis" (DB50/T 946-2019), a self-designed brucellosis case questionnaire (version 2021) was used to carry out case investigation and laboratory tests on cases reported by medical institutions, and the data were analyzed descriptively.Results:According to "Working Specification for Epidemic Disposal of Human Brucellosis" (DB50/T 946-2019) in Chongqing, the brucellosis outbreak that occurred in December 2021 was determined to be a cluster outbreak, with a total of two confirmed cases of brucellosis, and a incidence rate of 2/9. The reason of the outbreak was the rearing and slaughtering of unquarantined sheep.Conclusion:We should strengthen the inspection and quarantine of livestock such as cattle and sheep, crack down on informal trade of livestock, and reduce the risk of brucellosis.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and practicality of the Jaundice color card (JCard) as a screening tool for neonatal jaundice.Methods:Following the standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) statement, a multicenter prospective study was conducted in 9 hospitals in China from October 2019 to September 2021. A total of 845 newborns who were admitted to the hospital or outpatient department for liver function testing due to their own diseases. The inclusion criteria were a gestational age of ≥35 weeks, a birth weight of ≥2 000 g, and an age of ≤28 days. The neonate′s parents used the JCard to measure jaundice at the neonate′s cheek. Within 2 hours of the JCard measurement, transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) was measured with a JH20-1B device and total serum bilirubin (TSB) was detected. The Pearson′s correlation analysis, Bland-Altman plots and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for statistic analysis.Results:Out of the 854 newborns, 445 were male and 409 were female; 46 were born at 35-36 weeks of gestational age and 808 were born at ≥37 weeks of gestational age. Additionally, 432 cases were aged 0-3 days, 236 cases were aged 4-7 days, and 186 cases were aged 8-28 days. The TSB level was (227.4±89.6) μmol/L, with a range of 23.7-717.0 μmol/L. The JCard level was (221.4±77.0) μmol/L and the TcB level was (252.5±76.0) μmol/L. Both the JCard and TcB values showed good correlation ( r=0.77 and 0.80, respectively) and agreements (96.0% (820/854) and 95.2% (813/854) of samples fell within the 95% limits of agreement, respectively) with TSB. The JCard value of 12 had a sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of 0.75 for identifying a TSB ≥205.2?μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.35 for identifying a TSB ≥342.0?μmol/L. The TcB value of 205.2?μmol/L had a sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.60 for identifying TSB levels of 205.2 μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.26 for identifying TSB levels of 342.0 μmol/L. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of JCard for identifying TSB levels of 153.9, 205.2, 256.5, and 342.0 μmol/L were 0.96, 0.92, 0.83, and 0.83, respectively. The AUC of TcB were 0.94, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.87, respectively. There were both no significant differences between the AUC of JCard and TcB in identifying TSB levels of 153.9 and 205.2 μmol/L (both P>0.05). However, the AUC of JCard were both lower than those of TcB in identifying TSB levels of 256.5 and 342.0 μmol/L (both P<0.05). Conclusions:JCard can be used to classify different levels of bilirubin, but its diagnostic efficacy decreases with increasing bilirubin levels. When TSB level are ≤205.2 μmol/L, its diagnostic efficacy is equivalent to that of the JH20-1B. To prevent the misdiagnosis of severe jaundice, it is recommended that parents use a low JCard score, such as 12, to identify severe hyperbilirubinemia (TSB ≥342.0 μmol/L).