OBJECTIVE:To study the professional risks of Chinese clinical pharmacists.METHODS:The source and avoidance of professional risks for clinical pharmacists were analyzed on the basis of current practice and literatures.RESULTS:Lack of clarity in duties and rights of clinical pharmacists,undefined criteria for evaluation of their works were among the main causes of their professional risks.CONCLUSION:It is essential to renew and implement the related regulations and guidelines on clinical pharmaceutical practice to minimize the professional risks,which should be responded both by the authority and professionals.

The bachelor nursing education is an important period to cultivate high grade nursing talents.According to the existing issue in our college's anatomy teaching process,the article has explored the preliminary idea on the reform of course design for anatomy in bachelor nurse for discussion.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for pharmaceutical workers in retrieving literatures by means of Chinese bi_omedical database(CBM),China journal full-text database(CNK) and Chinese science & technology journal database(VIP).METHDOS:With the commonly research topics of hospital pharmacy as research scope,literatures retrieved by database sampling underwent a preliminary contrast analysis and a computer-assisted automatic meta-analysis after programming.RESU_TLS:None the 3 databases indexed all the tested pharmaceutical periodicals(totaled 79 kinds).There were differences among the un-indexed periodicals, except a few are the same in kinds.The retrieved literatures of docuterm had a high proportion of repetition;however,the computer had merged the same literatures retrieved in different databases.CONCLUSIONS:The literatures indexed in the 3 databases have their own characteristics,thus literature recall ratio can only be improved by combining multiple databases.The automatic meta-analysis of the retrieval literatures can be performed by means of computer program,the repeated work can be reduced thereafter.

Objective: To study the permeability of leflunomide and the effect of liposome on its permeability. Methods: Modified Franz diffusion cell adopted as apparatus for in vitro skin permeation. Various excised skins were used as permeation barriers and permeation coefficient was used as index. The concentration of leflunomide in the samples was measured by HPLC. Results: Leflunomide had a good permeability, but the effect of liposome on permeability was not very strong. Conclusion: It is feasible that leflunomide is applied through skin. [

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of electroencephalogram (EEG) examination in the prognosis evaluation of patients with severe craniocerebral injury.MethodsFifty-seven patients with severe craniocerebral injury were selected as study subjects and their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively.All the patients got EEG examination,and the relationships between EEG grading and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score,the prognosis of outcome were analyzed.ResultsThe EEG of 57 patients within 24 h after hospitalization were all abnormal.There was significantly negative correlation between EEG grading and GCS score (r =-0.742,P ＜0.05).EEG grading was significantly positively correlated with the prognosis of outcome (r =0.730,P＜ 0.05).ConclusionsEEG examination and EEG grading can evaluate the prognosis of patients with severe craniocerebral injury.It provides reference for clinical treatments.

The effects of C1-930, a known selective phosphodiesterase 111 inhibitor, on vascular resistance and rat aortic strip contraction were studied CI-930 025mg/kg injected into the perfused artery, reduced vascular resistance markedly in femoral artery and internal carotid artery in anaesthetized rats. The action lasted for about 15-20 min. CI-930 in vitro inhibited norepinephrine (NE) and TXA2/PGH, mimetic U-46619 induced rat aortic strip contraction significantly with PD, values of 6.71 and 5.5 respectively. The inhibitory effects of CI-930 on NE and U-46619 induced contraction were more potent than that of KG induced contraction. CI-930 0.01 - 10?mol/L exhibited a potential inhibitory effects on intracellular Ca2+ dependent contraction of rat aortic strip induced by NE, but had no effect on extracellular Ca2+ dependent contraction. The results suggest that CI-930 can possess a potent intracellular Ca2+ dependent vasodilating effects in vitro and in vivo.

Objective To explore the risk factors of hyponatremia in postoperative patients with aneurysm and analyze the clinical characterstics in order to provide reference for clinic.Methods Participants included 120 patients who treated by aneurysm occlusion.Detailed recorded the patient's history and basic information.The patients with hyponatremia were in case group,and other patients were in control group.The risk factors of hyponatremia were analyzed.Results Forty-five patients (37.5％) occurred hyponatremia after operation.The level of natrium was (125.2 ± 10.1) mmol/L,the average time of appear hyponatremia was (8.2 ± 0.8) d,15 patients were in the first peak(postoperative 1-3 d),25 patients were in the second peak (postoperative 8-9 d),5 patients occurred hyponatremia at other time.Thirty-nine patients were internal carotid artery aneurysms,6 patients were vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms.Single factor analysis showed that the age,preoperative GCS scores,history of hypertension and diabetes,emergency operation,the size of arterial aneurysms,medium-sized aneurysm of artery between two groups had significant difference [(48.7 ± 8.4) years vs.(54.7 ± 8.4) years,(14.4 ± 3.1) scores vs.(10.3 ± 3.4)scores,26.7％ (20/75) vs.60.0％ (27/45),33.3％ (25/75) vs.62.2％ (28/45),32.0％ (24/75) vs.62.2％(28/45),(0.9 ±0.3) cm vs.(1.4 ±0.4) cm,24.0％(18/75) vs.42.2％(19/45),P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05].Multifactors regression analysis showed that preoperative GCS scores,emergency operation were the independent risk factors of hyponatremia (P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Postoperative 1-3 d and 8-9 d are the peak stage of hyponatremia.Different treatment should be adopted according the peak stage.Lower scores of preoperative GCS and emergency operation are the independent risk factors of hyponatremia.Clinical work need to pay more attention to the risk factors,appropriate treatment and prevention.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial-resistant genes in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).METHODS Forty strains of MRSA were clinically isolated.Nine kinds of antimicrobial-resistant genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).RESULTS The positive rates of mecA,aac(6′)/aph(2′)and tetM were all 100.0%.The positive rates of ermA/B/C,aph(3′)-Ⅲ,qacA/B,PVL and ant(4′,4″) were 82.5%,67.5%,45.0%,10.0% and 2.5%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS There are higher positive percentages of relevant resistance genes in MRSA isolates clinically.MRSA can induce clone transmition in hospital which should pay,and attention to the disinfection and isolation.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the RP-HPLC method for determination of methyl hydroxybenzoate and ethyl hydroxybenzoate in oral liquid preparations METHODS:The Nova-Park C18 column(3 9mm?150mm,5?m)was used The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water(25∶75)at a flow rate of 1ml/min,the detection wavelength was set at 254nm and the sensitivity was set at 0 01 AUFS RESULTS:The linear ranges of methyl hydroxybenzoate and ethyl hydroxybenzoate were 0 4 412～13 2 360?g/ml(r=0 9 999) and 0 6 672～20 0 160?g/ml(r=0 9 998)respectively CONCLUSION:The method is simple,rapid and accurate It can be used to detect antiseptics in hospital preparations

Objective To investigate the dynamical changes of Rho kinase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its relationship with cerebral vascular spasm CVS. Methods CSF were collected on the ist, 3rd, 7th, 10th and 14th day after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The expression of Rho-kinase mRNA in CSF was determined by RT-PCR. The expression of endothelin-1 in CSF was determined by radioimmuno-assay. TCD was used to measure the velocity of the cerebral artery. Results The levels of ET-1 and Rho-kinase mRNA in CSF were re-markably increased on the 3rd day, and reached at the peak on the 7th day after subarachnoid hemorrhage, which were significantly higher than those without CVS. Conclusion There is a positive correlation between the level of Rho-kinase mRNA and ET-1 in CSF. Rho-kinase may participate in the development of CVS.