Objective To observe the expression of protein kinase C(PKC)isoforms in pulmonary artery of chronic inflammatory pulmonary hypertension(PHT)rats.Methods Chronic inflammatory PHT model rats were established induced by monocrotaline(MCT).Western blotting analysis was used to detect the expression of four PKC isoforms(PKC?,PKC?Ⅱ,PKC? and PKC?)in pulmonary arteries of rats during the development of PHT.Results The values of mean pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy index increased significantly after the injection of MCT,which suggested successful formation of PHT.Western blotting analysis showed that PKC?,PKC?Ⅱ and PKC? isoforms were presented in pulmonary arteries of normal and PHT rats,while PKC? isoform was not detected.The expressions of PKC? in both cytosolic and membranous fractions increased within 14 days,and decreased a little during the development of PHT.But the increase of PKC? in cytosolic fraction was much more obvious than that in membranous fraction.The highest expression of both PKC?Ⅱ and PKC? in cytosolic fractions appeared at the eighth day,while the expression of both isoforms in membranous fraction went up continuously.Conclusions PKC?,PKC?Ⅱ and PKC? isoforms were involved in the development of chronic inflammatory PHT.The changes of their expression might be the results of PKC isoforms translocation which is related to the proliferation regulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

Aim To study the role of ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1)involved in the pro-tective effect of fluoxetine against monocrotaline-in-duced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats.Meth-ods Monocrotaline (60 mg·kg -1 )was used to es-tablish pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats and low-dose (2 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 )or high-dose (10 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 )fluoxetine was applied to inhibit pulmonary ar-terial hypertension.The hemodynamics,morphology of pulmonary arterioles and lungs,UCH-L1 protein ex-pression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)nuclear trans-location were observed.Results Monocrotaline not only increased pulmonary arterial pressure and promo-ted pulmonary arterial remodelling and lung inflamma-tion,but also down-regulated UCH-L1 protein expres-sion and increased NF-κB activity in lungs.Fluoxetine inhibited these changes in a dose-dependent manner. However,UCH-L1 protein expression of pulmonary ar-teries did not significantly change among different groups.Conclusion Fluoxetine inhibits monocrotal-ine-induced lung inflammation in rats,involved in NF-κB activity inhibited by up-regulated UCH-L1 protein expression.

Aim To investigate the relevance of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter(SERT)gene polymorphism and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods A total of 51 COPD patients and 49 healthy controls were collected.SERT gene polymorphism and mRNA expression in COPD and control groups were assayed by PCR and real-time PCR,respectively.Lung function was evaluated by a forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1),forced vital capacity(FVC)and FEV1/FVC.Results Two allele gene 484 bp and 528 bp were detected.It consisted of three genotypes L/L(528/528),L/S(528/484)and S/S(484/484),and SS genotype was prevalent in control and COPD group;SERT mRNA expression in COPD group was higher than that in the control;L allele in COPD with PAH patients was higher than the control.The age at diagnosis of COPD in LS genotype patients was earlier compared with that in SS genotype patients.Conclusion SERT gene polymorphism is relevant to hereditary susceptibility of COPD,which may play an important role in the development of COPD,especially promoting PAH in advanced stage of COPD.

Aim To study the relationship between pul-monary hypertension (PHT) and 5-hydroxytrapta-mine transporter (5-HTT) in the pulmonary arteries (PAs) from normal and monocrotaline (MCT) induced pulmonary hypertension rats. Methods MCT-treated rats were used as a model for chronic PHT.Concentration-response curves of 5-hydroxytraptamine induced pulmonary vasoconstriction were established. The medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries was measured. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to identify the expression of 5-HTT mRNA in rat PAs.Results 5-HT induced vasoconstriction response of PAs from MCT rats was significantly increased.The thickness of pulmonary vascular medial walls was increased in MCT rats. A significantly higher level of 5-HTT mRNA expression was detected in PAs from MCT rats. The ratio of the PCR products of 5-HTT gene to those of ?-actin gene was higher in MCT rats than in control rats. 5-HTT mRNA expression of pulmonary arteries correlated with the thickness of pulmonary vascular medial walls in rats.Conclusions MCT-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and increased vascular contractile response to 5-HT were accompanied with enhanced level of 5-HTT mRNA expression and there existed correlation between the wall thickness of pulmonary arteries and 5-HTT mRNA expression,indicating 5-HTT is an important mechanism involved in pulmonary hypertension.

Objective To investigate vein pump injection of epinephrine on the effect of serum potassium during gastric cancer radical surgery. Method Forty patients with ASA grade Ⅱ~Ⅲ underwent surgery within a time limit of gastrointestinal under general anesthesia. All patients were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group.Patients in the experimental group received continuous intravenous injections of adren-aline[0.03 to 0.1 μg/(kg·min)].Patients in the control group received equal dose of saline.Potassium concentra-tions at different time points were determined and compared between patients in two groups. Results No signifi-cant differences were observed in gender and age distribution of patients in the experimental group and the control group. Compared with the control group,potassium concentration was significantly decreased in patients at T3mo-ment(30 min pump injection of norepinephrine)(P<0.05),but was lower than that of patients in the experimen-tal group at T1moment(before anesthesia)(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,potassium concentration was significantly increased in the experimental group at T4moment(pump adrenaline injection for 10 min)(P <0.05),which was also significantly higher than that in the experimental group at T1moment(P < 0.05). Mean-while,compared with the control group,potassium concentration was also significantly increased in the experimen-tal group at T5moment(stop the pump adrenaline injection for 30 min),which was also significantly higher than that in the experimental group at T1moment(P < 0.05). Conclusions Intravenous injection of adrenaline can reduce potassium concentration in patients received gastrointestinal surgery,and potassium concentration can be increased after adrenalin injection was stopped.

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is mainly manifested as lacunar infarction or lacunar space, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), enlarged perivascular space (EPVS), cerebral microbleeds, and brain atrophy in imaging examination. Studies have shown that WMHs in the frontal lobe, occipital lobe, lateral ventricle, and basal ganglia are the important causes of dizziness/vertigo. The frequency of dizziness/vertigo symptoms increases with the worsening of WMHs. In addition, subcortical infarction, EPVS, and brain atrophy are also closely associated with dizziness/vertigo. Nerve conduction pathway damage, inflammatory infiltrating damage, vestibular degenerative lesions, mental and psychological disorders, and insufficient perfusion of blood vessels associated with large/small vessel disease may be the important ways for triggering dizziness/vertigo in CSDV. Early identification and diagnosis of CSVD-related dizziness/vertigo may contribute to the targeted prevention and treatment.

Objective To investigate the role of orexin-A in doxapram-induced promotion of emergence from general anesthesia in patients.Methods Forty-four patients of both sexes,aged 18-60 yr,with body mass index of 21-25 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiology physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective lumbar surgery under general anesthesia,were divided into 2 groups (n =22 each) using a random number table:control group and doxapram group.Anesthesia was induced by intravenously injecting propofol,sufentanil and cisatracurium.The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation.Anesthesia was maintained by inhaling sevoflurane and target-controlled infusion of remifentanil.Sevoflurane inhalation and remifentanil infusion were stopped at the end of operation,oxygen flow rate was adjusted to 6 L/min,doxapram 0.5 mg/kg were intravenously injected at the same time in doxapram group,and the equal volume of normal saline was given in control group.The emergence time and extubation time were recorded.On admission to operating room (T0),at 1 h after anesthesia induction (T1) and 5 and 30 min after tracheal extubation (T2,3),arterial blood samples were collected for determination of blood glucose concentrations and plasma orexin-A concentrations (by radioimmunoassay).Results Compared with the baseline at T0,blood glucose concentrations were significantly decreased at T1 and increased at T3,and plasma orexin-A concentrations were increased at T2 in two groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with control group,the time to eye opening and extubation time were significantly shortened,plasma orexin-A concentrations were increased at T2 (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in blood glucose concentrations at each time point in doxapram group (P＞0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which doxapram promotes emergence from general anesthesia may be related to increasing plasma orexin-A concentrations in patients.

Objective To detect the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes (PPARα,PPARβ/δ and PPARγ) in migraine rat models induced by nitroglycerin and their roles in morbidity mechanism.Methods Forty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group,physiological saline control group and migraine model group (n=16).The rat migraine models were established according to Tassorelli Cristina method and performed abdominal subcutaneous injection of nitroglycerin at a dosage of 9.5 mg/kg; rats in the physiological saline control group were given the same volume of physiological saline and that in the normal control group did not receive any treatment.The trigeminocervical complexes were separated from rats in each group.Expressions of PPARα,PPARβ/δ and PPARγ were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemical method.Results Immunohistochemical staining showed strong positive expressions of PPARα,PPARβ/δ and PPARγ in model group,which were higher than those in normal control group and physiological saline control group.Western blotting indicated that the expressions of PPARα,PPARβ/δ and PPARγγof the trigeminocervical complexes in model group were 0.361 ±0.051,0.372 ±0.061 and 0.654 ±0.101,respectively,which were also significantly higher than those in normal control group and physiological saline control group (P＜0.05).Conclusions The expressions of PPARα,PPARβ/δ and PPARγγin the trigeminocervical complexes in migraine rats are increased,which might be a compensatory neuroprotective response in the occurrence of migraine.

Objective to investigate the clinical efficacy of decompression and pedicle screw fixation through posterior approach for complete thoracic spine fracture dislocation.Methods The clinical data of six patients with complete thoracic spine fracture and dislocation treated from September 2002 to June 2016 were analyzed retrospectively by case series study.There were five males and one female,aged 21-67 years old (mean,47.2 years).The injury segments were T3～4 dislocation in one case,T5～6 dislocation in two cases,T6 ～7 dislocation in two cases and T8 ～9 dislocation in one case.There was one case of ASIA grade E and five cases of Grade A,and all of six cases were associated with multiple rib fractures and hemopneumothorax.The companied status was one case of sternal fracture,one case of atlantoaxial complex fractures and three cases of pulmonary contusion.The posterior median incision decompression and pedicle screw system fixation were performed,and the intervertebral bone grafting was conducted after restoration.The surgery time,bleeding volume during surgery,fracture restoration,bone grafting fusion,failure of internal fixation and other complications were recorded.The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification were used to assess the pain and neurological function improvement between the preoperative visit and final follow-up visit.Results The surgery time was 150-240 minutes (mean,205 minutes).The bleeding volume during the surgery was 700-2 100 ml (mean,1167 ml).One case was died of pulmonary infection at one week after surgery,the others were followed up for 3-14 months (mean,7.4 months).After operation,five patients were satisfied with the reduction,and the lateral displacement was partially restored in one cases.Five cases of intervertebral bone grafting all had bone fusion.There was no fixation failure.The VAS was (7.4 ± 0.6) points before surgery,(4.5 ± 1.6) points at one week after surgery and (1.8 ± 0.3) points at final visit of follow-up,which had significant difference from the preoperative status (P ＜ 0.05).One case of ASIA grade E had no postoperative aggravation and four cases of grade A had no improvement.Conclusion Posterior decompression and pedicle screw fixation system is optimal choice of treatment for complete thoracic fractures and dislocations for it can attain reduction of fracture and dislocation as well as bone fusion,provide stability for spine and relieve pain.

Objective:To investigate the effect of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in evaluating the mouse model of vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) induced by injection of elastase into cerebellomedullary cistern.Methods:Twenty-four male C57/BL6 mice were selected. The mice in the elastase group ( n=12) were injected in the cerebellomedullary cistern with 2.5 μl of phosphate buffer containing 25 mU elastase, and the mice in the saline control group ( n=12) were injected with the same volume of normal saline. MRA examination of the brains of living mice was performed 2 weeks after modeling. Successful modeling was defined as the basilar artery bending angle ≤170°, or the basilar artery bending length accounts for ≥10%, or the basilar artery deviated from the midline by more than 1 grade, or the percentage increase in artery diameter was ≥25%. Results:In the elastase group and the saline control group, 2 mice and 1 mouse did not wake up normally or died, respectively. The 11 surviving mice in the saline control group had no obvious vertebral artery and basilar artery abnormalities. The success rate of modeling in the 10 surviving mice in the elastase group was 80%, and the difference in the success rate between the two groups was statistically significant ( P<0.05). There were significant differences in mean basilar artery diameter (0.30 mm vs. 0.22 mm; P<0.05), mean basilar artery bending angle (115° vs. 170°; P<0.05), and proportion of mean basilar artery bending length (31% vs. 5%; P<0.05) of the surviving mice between the elastase group and the saline control group. Conclusion:MRA can better evaluate the mouse VBD model induced by elastase injection in the cerebellomedullary cistern.