Objective To investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SCGB3A2(secretoglobin family 3A member 2) gene promoter with susceptibility of Graves' disease.Methods One-hundred and seventy-nine SNPs within a 3.0 Mb region surrounding marker D5s2090 were scanned in a case-control study.The size of the region(s) associated with GD was then narrowed.Results Total 179 SNPs within a 3.0 Mb region surrounding marker D5s2090 were analyzed.The most significant association signal was found at SNP rs1368408 (P =3.69 × 10-5).Subsequent association analysis was then performed and the results suggested that the SNP76 (P =4.11 × 10-8) and SNP75 (P =1.37 × 10-8) in the promoter of SCGB3A2 gene may be the causal variants of GD.Logistic regression analysis suggested these 2 SNPs in this region may contribute to GD susceptibility.Conclusion A significant association seems to exist between GD with the SCGB3A2 gene.

OBJECTIVETo describe the differences in diet intake frequency of adults in 10 areas surveyed by China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) project.

METHODSCKB project recruited voluntary residents aged 30-79 years from 5 urban areas and 5 rural areas in China. The baseline survey was conducted among 512 891 eligible subjects during 2004-2008. The intake frequencies of 12 food groups were assessed through in-person interviews and analyzed. The results were adjusted for age and sex structure of the study population.

RESULTSRice was the main cereal consumed every day in urban areas (99.0%) and rural areas (99.9%) in southern China, while wheat was the main cereal consumed every day in rural areas (99.0%) and Qingdao (88.4%) in northern China. Most subjects in Henan (98.8%) consumed other staple food every day. The lowest proportion of daily intake of fresh vegetables was observed in Gansu (74.0%) . In both southern and northern areas, urban subjects had higher proportions of daily intakes of fresh fruits, preserved vegetables, and meat than rural subjects. Similar results were found when comparing the proportions of intakes of poultry and fish/seafood at least 1 day every week. Contrast to southern China (urban: 6.5%, rural: 6.9%) , the proportions of daily intake of fresh eggs were higher in both urban areas (37.1%) and rural areas (14.6%) in northern China. The highest proportions of daily intake of soybean products and dairy products were observed in Harbin (10.0%) and Qingdao (34.3%).

CONCLUSIONThe intake of cereal, fresh eggs and soybean products differed between the south and the north of China. The intake of meat, poultry, fish/seafood, fresh fruits, preserved vegetables and dairy products varied considerably between urban areas and rural areas.

OBJECTIVETo describe the gender and regional differences in patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior across 10 study areas through data from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) that involving half a million adults.

METHODSThe baseline survey of CKB took place in 5 urban and 5 rural areas across China during 2004-2008. After excluding those who had a prior history of heart disease, stroke and/or cancer, 486 514 participants (age: 30-79 y) were included in the analyses. MET-h/d was calculated for each one of the participant, based on the type, duration and intensity of self-reported physical activity, along with time spent on sedentary activity. These data were compared, after standardization for age between sex and study areas.

RESULTSThe mean total physical activity was 22.9 MET-h/d among men, 20.6 MET-h/d among women, and the mean sedentary leisure time appeared 3.1 h/d in men and 2.9 h/d in women. In men, the total physical activity ranged from 13.3 MET-h/d in Haikou to 31.3 MET-h/d in Zhejiang, while in women it ranged from 14.7 MET-h/d to 30.2 MET-h/d across the 10 areas. For sedentary leisure time, it ranged from 2.0 h/d in Zhejiang to 3.8 h/d in Sichuan in men and 1.6 h/d to 3.7 h/d in women. In both men and women, occupational physical activities (77.6% and 59.8% respectively) accounted for most of the daily activities, while leisure time physical activities accounted for the least (3.1% in both men and women). Among men, the proportion of occupational physical activity ranged from 86.5% in Zhejiang to 69.4% in Haikou (69.4%), while in women it ranged from 74.8% in Zhejiang to 40.9% in Henan. Gansu (men 17.8%, women 18.1%) reported the highest proportion of transportation physical activities. Among women, areas reporting the highest proportion of physical activity at home would include Henan (54.0%) and Hunan (39.1%), whereas adults in Zhejiang (20.0%) reported the lowest proportion. Among men, Hunan (18.0%) reported the highest proportion of physical activity at home. Compared with rural areas, male and female participants from urban areas tended to have more leisure time for physical activity and less vigorous-intensity physical activity.

CONCLUSIONThe patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior including the levels of physical activity, domains and intensity of physical activities. Sedentary leisure time appeared all various greatly across different regions in China.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; Exercise ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Self Report ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transportation

Objective: To describe the regional and population-related differences in skeletal muscle mass and handgrip strength across the 10 regions of China. Methods: 24 533 participants aged 38-88 years from the second resurvey of China Kadoorie Biobank were included in our analyses. Appendicular and trunk skeletal muscle mass were assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (TANITA). Handgrip strength was measured using Jamar hand-held dynamometer. Low muscle mass and low muscle strength were defined as the lowest quintile of height-adjusted appendicular muscle mass or handgrip strength according to the Consensus Report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. We analyzed the mean value of absolute muscle mass, height-adjusted muscle mass, weight-adjusted muscle mass and handgrip strength. We also reported the prevalence of low muscle mass and low muscle strength. Results: The average appendicular and total skeletal muscle mass were (22.0±0.02) kg and (49.7±0.05) kg in men, which were higher than in women [(15.9±0.02) kg and (37.2±0.04) kg, respectively]. The handgrip strength was (32.6±0.06) kg in men, which was higher than (19.9±0.05) kg in women. The absolute muscle mass was higher in north area and urban region (P<0.001). The weight-adjusted muscle mass showed reverse patterns of regional difference compared with height-adjusted muscle mass. Both muscle mass and handgrip strength decreased by age (trend P<0.001), with a larger decline observed in handgrip strength. According to AWGS criteria, the proportions of low muscle mass and strength increased by age. Among participants over 80 years old, the prevalence of low muscle mass and strength were 56.2% and 74.5% in men, and 35.7% and 66.0% in women. Conclusions Levels of skeletal muscle mass and strength varied greatly among people from 10 regions and among participants with different demographic characteristics. The prevalence of low muscle mass and strength was extremely high in elderly.

Objective: To understand the characteristics of adulthood weight change through the analysis on data from China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) Study of 0.5 million adults from ten areas in China. Methods: An electronic questionnaire was used to collect the information about the body weight at age 25 years, social-demographic characteristics and lifestyle of the study subjects and their body weight were measured. After excluding the adults with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer or diabetes and those who had no data of body weight at age 25 years and those aged outside of 35-70 years, a total of 360 903 adults were included in the analysis. Adulthood weight change were defined as difference value between current body weight and body weight at age 25 years. Results: The mean adulthood weight change of the participants was 4.9 kg. The adults living in urban area showed more body weight increase compared with those living in rural area, so did the adults in northern area compared with those in southern area. Among the ten areas in China, Qingdao reported the highest adulthood weight increase (9.3 kg), and Gansu reported the lowest adulthood weight increase (1.5 kg). Older adults had higher BMI at early adulthood (25 years old), but the adults aged 45-50 years had the highest adulthood body weight increase. Adults with higher educational level, higher household income level, but lower physical activity level had more body weight increase, while current smokers, farmers and workers had less body weight increase. BMI at age 25 years was negatively associated with adulthood body weight change, but current BMI was positively associated with adulthood body weight change (P<0.001). Conclusion Adulthood body weight change varied greatly among population with different demographic characteristics and lifestyle and in ten areas in China.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of habitual snoring among adults from 10 regions engaged in the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study. Methods: The baseline survey of CKB was conducted from 2004 to 2008. Data was collected regarding the information on socio- demographic characteristics, lifestyle, sleeping habits, and results from the physical examination of the participants. Logistic regression models were used to compare the regional differences and to estimate the associations of other baseline characteristics on snoring habit. Results: A total of 512 713 participants were included in this study. The overall prevalence of habitual snoring was 21.2%, higher among men, in south regions and urban areas, but no difference observed among people with different socioeconomic status after adjusting for age, regions, BMI, waist circumference or lifestyle factors. Results showed that the prevalence of habitual snoring under the multivariable adjusted model increased among current and ever smokers, also among current and ever alcohol consumers. The risk of habitual snoring was increased by 19% per 1 kg/m² and 6% per 1 cm increment in BMI or waist circumference, respectively. Among participants with similar BMI, central obese individuals were more likely to be habitual snorers. For individuals with similar waist circumference, the prevalence of habitual snoring was higher among those with higher BMI. Conclusion The prevalence of habitual snoring varied across regions. Substantial differences in habitual snoring were also seen among people with different lifestyles and body sizes.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationships between anthropometric measures as body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the risks of diabetes.

METHODSWe analyzed the baseline data of 53 260 participants who were aged 30-79 years and had been enrolled into the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study from Suzhou city,Jiangsu province. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were conducted with adjustment for potential confounders.

RESULTSOverall, 5.3% of the participants had diabetes, with about a half of them being newly detected through on-site screening tests. The prevalence of diabetes increased with age, 61% higher (OR = 1.61, 95% confidence interval: 1.54-1.67) risk of diabetes, with 10 years increase of age. In both genders, all anthropometric measures were positively and significantly associated with diabetes, with the associations of measures in central adiposity stronger than those in general obesity, with WHR as the strongest. Each standard deviation (1- s) with greater WHR (<0.06 in men and 0.07 in women) was associated with 72% (61%-83%) higher risk of diabetes in men and 93% (83%-102%) in women. After adjusting for HC, each WC with 5 cm larger, showing 65% and 57% higher risks in men and women respectively. However, after adjusting for WC, every 5cm greater HC appeared and associated with respective 38% and 34% lower risks.

CONCLUSIONMeasures on adiposity including BMI, percentage body, WC, WHR and WHtR fat were all positively associated with the prevalence of diabetes. Measures of central obesity, particularly WHR, were more strongly associated with diabetes than measures of general obesity. When WC was under control, HC appeared inversely associated with diabetes.

Adiposity ; Adult ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Body Mass Index ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Prevalence ; Risk ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

Because many therapeutic agents are contaminated by epimeric impurities or form epimers as a result of metabolism, analytical tools capable of determining epimers are increasingly in demand. This article is a proof-of-principle report of a novel DMS-MS/MS method to separate and simultaneously quantify epimers, taking PGF2 and its 8-epimer, 8--PGF2, as an example. Good accuracy and precision were achieved in the range of 10-500 ng/mL with a run time of only 1.5 min. Isopropanol as organic modifier facilitated a good combination of sensitivity and separation. The method is the first example of the quantitation of epimers without chromatographic separation.

Objective: To assess the association of BMI and waist circumference (WC) with metabolic risk factors, and confirm the appropriate cut-off points of BMI and WC among Chinese adults. Methods: After excluding participants with missing or extreme measurement values, as well as individuals with self-reported histories of cancer, a total of 501 201 adults in baseline and 19 201 adults in the second re-survey from the China Kadoorie Biobank were included. The associations of BMI and WC with metabolic risk factors were estimated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to assess the appropriate cut-off values of BMI and WC to predict the risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and clustering of risk factors. Results: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and clustering of risk factors all presented ascending trends with the increasing levels of BMI or WC. Defined as the points on the ROC curve where Youden’s index reached the highest, the appropriate overweight cut-off points of BMI were around 24.0 kg/m² both in men and women, and the points of WC were around 85 cm in men and 80 to 85 cm in women. With specificity 90% for identification of risk factors, the appropriate obese cut-off points of BMI were around 28.0 kg/m² both in men and women, with the range of 27.0 to 28.9 kg/m². Conclusions The cut-off points for overweight and obesity recommended by Coorperative Meta-analysis Group of China Obesity Task Force was verified in the large sample survey conducted more recently. The cut-off points of BMI were 24.0 and 28.0 kg/m² for overweight and obesity, and the cut-off point of WC was 85 cm in men and 80 to 85 cm in women for central obesity.