?Pterygium is one of the most common ocular surface diseases. Its exact etiology and pathogenesis are not completely understood. At present, it is considered that its occurrence and development is the result of many factors. Current studies have indicated that the occurrence of pterygium is closely related to the environmental factors. Long time exposure to sunlight, dust, pollen and other long - term chronic stimulation are the main incentive factors. Various factors have caused limbal barrier dysfunction, induced the level of a variety of growth factors and inflammatory factors increased, so that the conjunctival tissue degenerate and proliferate to the cornea in the formation of pterygium. In this paper, the research progress of the pathogenesis of pterygium is reviewed.

OBJECTIVETo observe morphological changes of enteric nervous system (ENS)-interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)-smooth muscle cell (SMC) structure injury in deep muscle nerve plexus offunctional dyspepsia (FD) rats, and the repair of Shuwei Decoction (SD) on it, and to explore its effecton FD.

METHODSTotally 72 rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, the lowdose SD group, the medium dose SD group, and the high dose SD group, the Mosapride group, 12 ineach group. Rats in the low dose SD group, the medium dose SD group, and the high dose SD group were intragastrically fed with SD at 0.767, 1.534, 3.068 g/mL, respectively. Rats in the Mosapride group were intragastrically fed with Mosapride (1.37 mg/kg). FD rat model with Gan depression Pi deficiency syndrome (GDPDS) was established using complex pathogenic factors. Corresponding liquors were respectively administered to rats in corresponding groups from the 3rd day after modeling. Distilled water(10 mL/kg) was administered to rats in the control group and the model group, once per day for 14 successive days. Rats were sacrificed and small intestine tissues collected for observing ENS-ICC-SMC structure injury using immunofluorescence double labeling, laser scanning confocal microscope, and transmission electron microscope at day 15. Repair of SD on it was also observed.

RESULTSENS-ICC SMC structure was incomplete, with obvious injury in mutual link of ICC, ICC, SMC, and connecting structure. ENS-ICC-SMC structure was more complete in high, medium, and low dose SD groups, with close link of ICC and SMO. Their connecting structures were in good conditions.

CONCLUSIONSD could keep the integrity of ENS-ICC-SMC structure by promoting regeneration and morphology of ICC, thereby, improving gastrointestinal movement disorder and showing therapeutic effect on FD.

Animals ; Benzamides ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Dyspepsia ; drug therapy ; Enteric Nervous System ; drug effects ; Interstitial Cells of Cajal ; drug effects ; Morpholines ; pharmacology ; Muscle, Smooth ; drug effects ; Random Allocation ; Rats

AIMTo investigate the mechanisms of 17beta-estradiol on the production of endothelin-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells.

METHODSAfter incubation VSMC with various concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (10(-9) - 10(-7) mol/L) or plus L-NAME(10(- 6) mol/L) for different times, the concentration of endothelin-1 was measured. At the same time, the activity of endothelin converting enzyme-1 was analyzed, and the expression of preproET-1mRNA was measured by RT-PCR.

RESULTSIn basal conditions, 17beta-estradiol could inhibit the production of endothelin-1 in VSMC, and the action of 17beta-estradiol had nothing to do with the activity of endothelin converting enzyme-1. L-NAME inhibited the effect of 17-estradiol on the production of endothelin-1 in VSMC. RT-PCR results showed that 17-estradiol inhibited the preproET-1 mRNA expression, and whereas L-NAME reversed this action of 17beta-estradiol.

CONCLUSIONIn basal conditions, 17beta-estradiol decreases the preproET-1 mRNA expression through NO-pathway to inhibit the production of endothelin-1 in cultured VSMC.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelin-1 ; biosynthesis ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo evaluate therapeutic effects of Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization in treating ASD after lumbar spinal fusion.

METHODSTotally 40 patients (included 16 males and 24 females, aged 25 to 60 years old) with degenerative disc disease were treated with posterior interbody fusion. Among them, 20 cases (treatment group) were treated with posterior interbody fusion combined with Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization, while other 20 cases (control group) only treated with posterior interbody fusion. JOA score and VAS score were compared after inserted Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization at 1 month and 3 years, and changes of intervertebral disc height of adjacent segment and cross-sectional area of the canal were tested and compared.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up from 3 to 5 years with an average of 3.6 years. All injuries were healed at stage I and the pain were released after treatment. There were no significant meaning in JOA score and VAS score at 1 month after treatment between two groups (P>0.05), while had meaning at 3 years (P<0.05). There were no statistical significane in intervertebral disc height of adjacent segment and cross-sectional area of the canal at 1 month after treatment (P>0.05), while had statistical meaning at 3 years (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThere is no difference in immediate effects between two groups. Both of them can obtain good results for effective decompression. Medial-term effectiveness of treatment group is obviously better than control group, which depends on Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization to plays good biology effects and effective accelerate adjacent degeneration caused by lumbar fusion.

Adult ; Decompression, Surgical ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; surgery ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Fusion ; Treatment Outcome

Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were used to study the effect of 17beta -estradiol (E(2)) on cellular proliferation (cell counting), DNA synthesis ((3)H thymidine incorporation), MTT, c -fos mRNA expression and nitric oxide (NO) release. The results obtained showed that E(2) (10(-12) 10(-8) mol/L) induced NO release from VSMC in a concentration-dependent manner; 10(-8) mol/L E (2)significantly inhibited VSMC cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis induced by 10% FCS and 10(-7) mol/L ET-1, which was obviously reversed by 10(-7)mol/L tamoxifen and 10(-6) mol/L L-NAME; after a pretreatment for 24 hours, 10(-8)mol/L E(2) significantly inhibited VSMC c -fos mRNA expression induced by 10(-7)mol/L ET-1, which was also obviously reversed by 10(-6) mol/L L-NAME. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of E(2) on VSMC cellular proliferation and c -fos mRNA expression are closely related with NO release in VSMC, which is, at least, partly medicated by ER.
Animals ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Female ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; cytology ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The binding mechanism between pefloxacin mesylate (PM) and transferrin (Tf) was explored using spectral experiment combined with molecular modeling techniques. The binding parameters and thermodynamic functions of PM-Tf solution system were measured at different temperatures. The effect of PM on molecular conformation of Tf was investigated and the interaction mechanism was also discussed. The results showed that dynamic quenching mechanism occurs with PM binding to Tf. The value of binding distances (r) is low, which indicates the occurrence of energy transfer. The drug had conformational effect on Tf, which resulted in changes of hydrophobic environment of the binding domain in Tf. According to the obtained thermodynamic parameters, the main interaction force between PM and Tf is attributed to hydrophobic bonding. The results of molecular modeling revealed that hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds are main binding forces in the PM-Tf system. These results were in accordance with spectral experiments. The research results have given a better theoretical reference for the study of pharmacological mechanism between protein and quinolone.
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Pefloxacin ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Thermodynamics ; Transferrin ; chemistry ; metabolism

In the present study, confluent bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were used to study the rapid nongenomic effects of 17beta-estradiol and the membrane impermeable conjugated 17beta-estradiol (E(2)BSA) on the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). eNOS activation was assessed in whole cells by measuring [(3)H]L-arginine conversion to [(3)H]L-citrulline. MAPK activity was determined by Western blotting. The results obtained show that the addition of various concentrations of E(2) (0.001-1 micromol/L) resulted in 122+/-29, 186+/-17, 83+/-20 and 157+/-29% increases in eNOS activity, respectively, in BAECs within 15 min of exposure to the hormone. E(2) (0.01 mol/L)-stimulated eNOS activity was detectable during 5-, 15- and 30- min incubation which yielded increases of 37+/-6, 56+/-9 and 38+/-8%, respectively. The increase reached a plateau from 15 through 30 min and rapidly declined thereafter. E(2)BSA 17.5 ng/ml also enhanced eNOS activity by an increase of 35+/-9% above the basal activity. The effect of E(2) and E(2)BSA on eNOS activation was unaffected by actinomycin D 25 microg/ml but was obviously inhibited by tamoxifen (0.1 micromol/L) and PD98059 (50 micromol/L). Compared with control E(2) and E(2)BSA stimulation of BAECs for 15 min caused an increase in MAPK activity by 428+/-17 and 360+/-14% respectively. This effect was blocked by tamoxifen. These results suggest that there might be the membrane estrogen receptor localized on BAECs, which mediates the rapid nongenomic effect of estrogen on eNOS activation through MAPK pathways.
Animals ; Aorta ; cytology ; Cattle ; Cell Membrane ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen ; physiology

Clinical epidemiologic data and animal experimental studies regard estrogen as being protective against the development of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms by which estrogen affects the development of vascular diseases are not clear. Recent studies demonstrated that the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen are closely related to nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Our previous study proved that estrogen inhibited the proliferation and oncogene expression of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by endothlin 1 (ET-1) and serum,this effect was mediated by NO release. In the present study, we investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the VSMCs cycle arrest induced by 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)). The effects of E(2) on iNOS activity and protein expression in cultured rat VSMCs and the influence of NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) on the inhibitory effect of E(2) on cell cycle were investigated. NOS assay kit was used to measure the activity of iNOS and protein expression of iNOS was determined by Western-blot. Cell cycle analysis was accessed by flow cytometry. The results obtained showed that E(2) increased iNOS activity of VSMCs but not in a dose-dependent manner. E(2) 10 nmol/L increased the iNOS activity of VSMCs distinctly at two time points: 30 min and 12 h. These effects were significantly inhibited by estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist Tamoxifen (0.1 micromol/L) and NOS inhibitor L-NAME (1 micromol/L). E(2) increased iNOS protein expression of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of E(2) on iNOS protein expression of VSMCs started at 3 h, distinctly increased at 12 h and then decreased. Tamoxifen significantly inhibited the E(2)-induced iNOS protein expression of VSMCs. ET-1 increased cell percentage of S phase and G(2)+S/G(1). This effect was inhibited by E(2). L-NAME significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of E(2) on cell cycle of VSMCs. The results suggest that E(2) induced G(1) arrest of VSMCs, which was associated with an increase in iNOS activity and protein expression of VSMCs. These effects were at least mediated by estrogen receptor partly.
Animals ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelin-1 ; metabolism ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Estrogen Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Female ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; cytology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; physiology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Rats ; Tamoxifen ; pharmacology

Objective To evaluate the feasibility,reliability,validity and responsiveness of a Chinese Menopause Rating Scale (CMRS).Methods Cross-sectional survey and convenience sampling were adopted. Participants:women with menopause syndrome and those in menopause but without menopause syndrome were recruited.All participants were asked to complete the CMRS,Kupperman Index,WHOQOL-BREF and MENQOL.The Self-control observation design was adopted when the responsiveness was evaluated.Patients were treated with TCM for weeks.MRSTCM was evaluated before and after the treatment.Results (1) Feasibility:3343 participants including 2320 patients and 1023 menopause women,were surveyed in 8 different settings.The recovery rate of CMRS was 100%,with a response rate as 99.7%.The completion of the CMRS took 10.30 minutes on average.(2)Reliability:Cronbach's alpha of CMRS,soma dimension,psychology dimension and community dimension of CMRS were 0.93,0.87,0.89 and 0.73 respectively,with the correlation coefficient of split half of the CMRS.Soma dimension,psychology dimension and community dimension were 0.92,0.89,0.86 and 0.73 respectively and the test-retest correlation coefficient of MRSTCM,the soma dimension,psychology dimension and community dimension were as 0.88,0.91,0.85 and 0.77 respectively.(3) Validity:CMRS was established on the basis of connotation of menopause syndrome,and a series of steps were adopted to modify the scale.CMRS was applicable for patients with menopause syndrome.CMRS seemed to have had good content-related validity.The result of exploratory factor analysis was accorded with the theory frame of CMRS by and large.The correlations between CMRS and KI,CMRS and WHOQOLBREF,CMRS and MENQOL seemed good.The CMRS was able to discriminate between groups of people with or without menopausal syndrome and bad good discriminative validity.(4) Responsibility:The CMRS was measured based on 174 patients with menopausal syndrome before and after the TCM therapy.Our result showed that the CMRS having the ability to measure the clinically important differences.Conclusion CMRS was suitable for outcome assessment of menopausal syndrome.This primary research proved that the CMRS had good feasibility,reliability,validity as well as responsiveness.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) through bronchoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of accidental inhalation of liquid and powdery foreign bodies in children.

METHODTwenty-one cases of accidental inhalation were classified into the following 4 groups according to the materials inhaled: 3 cases inhaled the lipidic material; 2 cases inhaled chemical material; 15 cases inhaled hydrosoluble materials; 1 case inhaled powdery material. Eighteen cases were hospitalized within 3 days after the accidents, which included 16 cases treated within 1 day in hospital. And 3 cases were hospitalized 3 days after the accident. After hospitalization, all patients were immediately treated with direct aspiration and lavage clearance method through bronchoscopy. The inhaled foreign materials were cleared as soon as possible, which reduced the absorption, stimulation and infection of respiratory mucosa. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by endoscopic findings, clinical manifestation, laboratory examination and chest imaging. At the same time, decision was made on the second BAL and the prognosis was estimated.

RESULTTwenty-one cases had dyspnea of certain degree. The bronchial mucous membrane of all the 21 cases showed hyperemia, edema and exudate attached. Lavage fluid looked like broth and contained much of the inhaled material. After two to five times treatment, 18 cases were cured (86%), but 3 cases died (14%). One of these 3 cases fell into an oil well, 1 into mosquito repellent solution, another into manure pit. The patients who could not survive had severe airway obstruction, which was difficult to clean and made the problem deteriorated progressively. One of the patients was sent to a hospital 3 days after the accident and another case developed fungal infection, pneumothorax and finally respiratory failure.

CONCLUSIONBAL through bronchoscopy is necessary for children who accidentally inhaled liquid and powdery materials. This treatment is safe and effective in diagnosis and treatment of such problems in children. The effect of treatment is influenced by types of inhaled material, the time of lavage clearance through bronchoscopy, and certain complications, such as infection etc.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Bronchoscopy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; therapy ; Humans ; Infant ; Inhalation Exposure ; Male ; Powders