Objective To explore the status of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in hospitals in Buyi autono-mous prefecture of Guizhou Povince,and provide basis for formulating HAI control measures.Methods A survey was conducted by combined methods of bed-side survey and medical record reviewing,prevalence rates of secondary and above hospitals in Buyi autonomous prefecture in Guizhou Province between September 10 and October 5,2014 were surveyed.Results 6 577 hospitalized patients should be investigated,6 541(99.45%)were actually investiga-ted.The prevalence rate and case prevalence rate of HAI were 1 .83% (n=120)and 1 .94%(n=127)respectively. The top three departments of HAI distribution were intensive care unit (26.32%),neurosurgery (6.10%),and neonatal intensive care unit(5.13%);the main infection site was lower respiratory tract(n=39,30.71 %),followed by skin-soft tissue (n=24,18.90%)and superficial incision (n=23,18.11 %).58 pathogenic isolates were detec-ted,gram-negative bacteria were the major pathogens (n=44),gram-positive bacteria and fungi were 10 and 3 iso-lates respectively.Antimicrobial usage rate at survey day was 42.12%,64.75% of which were for therapeutic, 26.83% for prophylactic,and 8.42% for therapeutic+prophylactic use;the percentage of mono-drug,two drugs combination,and three or more drugs combination use were 79.53%,19.89%,and 0.58% respectively;bacterial detection rate in patients receiving therapeutic as well as therapeutic+prophylactic antimicrobial use was 13.76%. Conclusion Survey on prevalence of HAI is helpful for understanding the current status of HAI,monitoring on HAI in key departments of hospital and key sites of patients should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence HAI effectively.

Objective To investigate the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in hospitals of Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province,and provide basis for formulating prevention and con-trol measures of HAI.Methods According to the unified plan of the National HAI Surveillance Network,26 hospi-tals in Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province were performed cross-sectional survey on HAI prevalence rate,antimicrobial use,and specimen bacterial culture rate.Results A total of 3 tertiary and 23 seconda-ry hospitals were investigated,7 799 inpatients were included,the prevalence rate of HAI was 2.54%(n =198), and case prevalence rate was 2.65% (n=205).HAI mainly distributed in intensive care unit (29.63%);the main infection site was lower respiratory tract (44.44%);HAI mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria,the major pathogens were Escherichia coli ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,and Klebsiella pneumoniae .The usage rate of antimi-crobial agents was 45.66%,secondary hospitals was higher than tertiary hospitals (53.65% vs 31 .14%,χ2 =148.53,P <0.001 ).74.02% of antimicrobial agents were for therapeutic purpose,19.77% for prophylaxis,and 6.21 % for both prophylactic and therapeutic application;81 .02% of patients received one agent,17.21 % received two,and 1 .77% received three and more agents;among patients who received antimicrobials for therapeutic as well as for both therapeutic and prophylactic purpose,only 29.37% were sent specimens for pathogenic detection.Conclusion The prevalence rate in this region is lower than national average level,antimicrobial usage rate is lower than national standard,management of key departments and key sites should be strengthened,antimicrobial agents,especially used in secondary hospitals should be used rationally.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the water content in the brain tissue, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and the neurological function in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to explore the roles of GTS in treating traumatic brain edema rats and its possible mechanisms.

METHODSThe TBI rat model was established using modified Feeney's method. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, i.e., the sham-operation group, the TBI group, and the GTS-treated group. All rats were sacrificed after their neurological behavior was scored at day 1, 3, 5, and 7 of TBI. The brain tissue was taken out to measure the brain water content with wet-dry weight method. The activity of SOD in the brain tissue and the content of MDA were determined using biochemistry method. The expression levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the brain tissue were detected using ELISA.

RESULTSCompared with the TBI group at the same time point, the brain water content and the content of MDA decreased, the activity of SOD increased, the expression levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta obviously decreased, and the neurological functions were obviously improved in the GTS-treated group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSGTS could obviously alleviate the degree of traumatic brain edema after TBI, and attenuate the deleted neurological behavioral symptoms. The underlying mechanisms might be achieved through reducing the production of MDA, decreasing the expression levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, elevating the activity of SOD, inhibiting free radical reaction, and alleviating inflammatory reactions.

Animals ; Brain Edema ; metabolism ; Brain Injuries ; metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta ; metabolism ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Panax ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo establish a methotrexate (MTX)-resistant choriocarcinoma cell line and to determine its biologic characteristics.

METHODSMTX-resistant cell line (JAR/MTX) was derived from human choriocarcinoma cell line JAR by exposed to intermittently and progressively increasing concentration of MTX. Drug sensitivity was detected by MTT; P-gp GST-Pi and PCNA expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) with PI/Annexin V stain. Growth rates and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) production were also measured.

RESULTSJAR/MTX cell line was established with stable MTX-resistance (resistance index to MTX was 7.3) and cross-resistant to TAX and VCR. Growthrate of JAR/MTX was lower than that of parent cell line JAR. Expression level of PCNA in JAR/MTX was lower than that in JAR (3.09+/-0.42 compared with 3.72+/-0.35, P<0.05), while GST-pi expression was higher. No statistical difference of P-gp expression existed between two cell lines. JAR/MTX secreted more HCG than JAR every 10(5) cells secreted (95.7+/-5.4 compared with 41.3+/-2.8)mIU after 48 h(P<0.01). The flow cytometry showed that the spontaneous and MTX induced apoptosis in JAR/MTX was significantly lower than that in JAR P<0.05.

CONCLUSIONJAR/MTX cell line presented stable resistant to MTX and cross-resistant to TAX and VCR, which might sever as a model in study of drug resistance in choriocarcinoma.

Annexin A5 ; analysis ; Apoptosis ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Division ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Choriocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; genetics ; pathology ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Methotrexate ; pharmacology

AIMTo identify the main metabolites of oxymatrine (OMT) in rats.

METHODSTo optimize the conditions of LC/ESI-ITMS' chromatograms and spectra by oxymatrine and matrine (MT), and summarize their ionization and cleavage rules in ESIMS, then serving as the basis for the metabolite analyses of oxymatrine in rats. To collect the 0-24 h urine samples of the rats after ip 40 mg x kg(-1) oxymatrine, the samples were enriched and purified through C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. The purified samples were analyzed by LC/ESI-ITMS. The structures of OMT metabolites were identified according to their retention times and ESI-ITMSn rules.

RESULTSSix phase I metabolites and the parent drug OMT were found in the rat urine, and the main metabolite was MT. No phase II metabolites were found.

CONCLUSIONThe developed LC/ESI-ITMSn methods to identify the metabolites of oxymatrine in rats is not only simple and rapid but also sensitive and specific. This technology is one of the most efficient methods for the analysis of drug metabolites.

Alkaloids ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; urine ; Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quinolizines ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; urine ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sophora ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods

AIMTo estabilish a rapid and sensitive LC-ESI-ITMSn method for the identification of ephedrine and its main metabolites in rat urine.

METHODSAfter optimizing the detection condition of LC-ESI-ITMSn chromatography and mass spectrometry by using a standard ephedrine, the ionization and cleavage rules of ephedrine in ESI-MS and ESI-MSn modes were summarized, and then serving as the basis for the metabolite analysis of ephedrine in rat urine. Rat urine samples of 0-48 h were collected after ig 10 mg x kg(-1) ephedrine, then the samples were purified through C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. The purified samples were analyzed by LC-ESI-ITMSn.

RESULTSThe structures of ephedrine metabolites were elucidated according to the changes of the molecular weights of the metabolites (deltaM) and their cleavage pattern in ESI-ITMSn. As a result, three phase I metabolites and the parent drug ephedrine were identified existing in rat urine, but no phase II metabolites were found.

CONCLUSIONThe LC-ESI-ITMSn method is rapid and highly sensitive and sepecific, it is suitable for the identification of ephedrine and its metabolites in rat urine.

Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ephedrine ; chemistry ; metabolism ; urine ; Male ; Molecular Weight ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods

AIMTo identify anisodine and its metabolites in rat plasma after ingestion of anisodine by combining liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)).

METHODSPlasma samples from rats after a single orally administration of 20 mg anisodine were added with methanol to precipitate protein. Then, it was analyzed by LC-MS(n). Identification and structural elucidation of the metabolites were performed by comparing their changes in molecular masses, retention-times and full scan MS(n) spectra with those of the parent drug and blank plasma.

RESULTSThe results revealed that the parent drug and its four metabolites (norscopine, scopine, hydroxyanisodine, N-oxide anisodine) existed in rat plasma.

CONCLUSIONThis method is sensitive, rapid, simple, and it is suitable for the rapid identification of drug and its metabolits.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Scopolamine Derivatives ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Solanaceae ; chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods

AIMTo identify the main metabolites of stachydrine in rat.

METHODSThe ionization, cleavage and chromatographic characteristics of stachydrine were studied by using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS) for the first time. These characteristics of stachydrine were used as the basis for the analyses of metabolites in rat urine. The 0 - 24 h urine samples of rats after ig 25 mg x kg(-1) stachydrine were collected and purified by using C10 solid-phase extraction cartridge, and then analyzed by HPLC-ESI/MS to identify stachydrine and its metabolites.

RESULTSThe parent drug (stachydrine), 6 phase I metabolites (N-demethyl, dehydrogenation, ring-oxidation) and 2 phase II metabolites (glycine conjugates of 2 ring-oxidation products) were identified existing in rat urine.

CONCLUSIONThe presented method was proved to be sensitive, rapid, high selective and specific for the identification of stachydrine and its metabolites in rat urine.

Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Proline ; analogs & derivatives ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; urine ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods ; Stachys ; chemistry

AIMTo establish a rapid and sensitive LC-MSn method for the identification of trigonelline and its main metabolites in rat urine.

METHODSAfter optimizing the detection conditions of LC-MSn chromatography and mass spectrometry using trigonelline, its ionization and cleavage in ESI-MS and ESI-MSn modes were summarized, then serving as the basis for the metabolite analysis of trigonelline in rat urine. The 0-48 h urine samples of rats were collected after iv 8 mg x kg(-1) trigonelline, then, the samples were purified through C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. The purified samples were analyzed by LC-MSn.

RESULTSThe structures of trigonelline metabolites were elucidated according to the changes of the molecular weights of the metabolites (deltaM) and their cleavage pattern in ESI-ITMSn. As a result, two phase I metabolites and the parent drug were identified existing in rat urine, and two phase II metabolites were identified.

CONCLUSIONThe LC-MSn method is rapid and high sensitive and specific, it is suitable for the identification of trigonelline and its metabolites in rat urine.

Alkaloids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Male ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods ; Trigonella ; chemistry

AIMTo establish a LC-MS(n) method for the identification of anisodamine and its metabolites in rat feces.

METHODSFeces samples were collected after single administration of 25 mg x kg(-1) anisodamine to rats, and dipped in water for 1 h. Samples were then extracted by ethyl acetate. The pretreated samples were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mobile phase of methanol / 0.01% triethylamine (adjusted to pH 3.5 with formic acid) (60 : 40, v/v) and detected by LC-MS". Identification of the metabolites and elucidation of their structures were performed by comparing their changes in molecular masses (deltaM), retention-times and full scan MS(n) spectra with those of the parent drug and blank feces.

RESULTSThe parent drug and its seven metabolites (6beta-hydroxytropine, nor-6beta-hydroxytropine, aponoranisodamine, apoanisodamine, noranisodamine and hydroxyanisodamine, tropic acid) were found in rat feces.

CONCLUSIONThis method is sensitive, rapid, simple, effective, and suitable for the rapid identification of drug and its metabolites in biologic samples.

Animals ; Feces ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Solanaceous Alkaloids ; analysis ; metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods