OBJECTIVETo investigate the pathology of palatopharyngeal muscle obtained from patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).

METHODSThe samples from both groups were studied under HE, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH- TR), modified Gomori trichrome (MGT) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) staining. There were 36 cases of OSAHS who received uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the experimental group (including 6 mild, 6 moderate and 24 severe cases). There were 6 patients with chronic tonsillitis but without OSAHS as matched control group. Both groups were diagnosed by PSG.

RESULTSCentralized located nuclei and obvious variability of the size of fiber types were observed in both groups. The occurrence rate of the former were 1/6 in control group and 52.8% (19/36) in OSAHS, while the rate of the latter were 4/6 and 58.3% (21/36)respectively. A large number of fibers in both groups (control group 5/6, OSAHS group 28/36) presented an irregularly distributed staining for oxidative activity reaction in NADH stain.Endomysium connective tissue proliferation, a lobular or motheaten appearance, target-like fibers, ragged red fiber (RRF) and muscle necrosis were only observed in OSAHS group.While it was more common in serious OSAHS patients. Dominance of type 1 fibers were observed in matched control group in ATPase stain. Clusters of type 2 fibers or clusters of both type fibers were observed in OSAHS, especially more common in serious OSAHS. There was a predominance of the type 2 fibers in some OSAHS patients.

CONCLUSIONSThe observation of HE and special muscular stain identified that palatopharyngeal muscle of OSAHS patients had pathological lesion. The pathological changes included muscular lesion and abnormal distribution of different fiber types, the rate of type 1 fiber which maintained the opening of upper air way decreased.

Adult ; Humans ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal ; Palate ; Pharyngeal Muscles ; Pharynx ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive

OBJECTIVETo study the anatomy of peroneal tendofascial flap combined with adipofascial flap for the repair of heel tissue defects.

METHODSThe lower extremities of five cadavers (10 sides) were perfused with red latex, the blood supply of peroneal tendofascial flap and vicinity adipofascial flap were observed. The diameter, course, branches and location of the blood vessels were measured. Eight fresh cadavers (16 sides) were perfused with lead oxide-gelatine mixture. The covering fascia tissues of the lower extremities was obtained and photographed by X-ray. The vascular anastomosis and association of nutrient vessel of peroneal tendofascial flap and vicinity adipofascial flap were observed. Two adult lower extremities specimens (4 sides) were used to construct vessel diagrams for observation of the course, distribution and anastomosis of the vessels. Eight cases were treated successfully with theses flaps.

RESULTSThe blood supply of the combined fascial flap is multi-originated. For the area within 4 cm below and above the lateral malleolus cusp, the blood supply includes 2-5 branches from heel lateral artery with an average diameter of (0.5 +/- 0.2) mm, 1-2 branches from posterior lateral malleolus artery with an average diameter of (0.6 +/- 0.2) mm and 2-3 branches from the descending part of perforating branches of peroneal artery with an average diameter of (0.5 +/- 0.2) mm. The blood supply of area 4 cm above lateral malleolus cusp is 1-3 branches from intermuscular septum perforating branches of peroneal artery with an average diameter of (1.0 +/- 0.2) mm. These above branches are anastomosed each other and also send off many smaller branches to form vascular net around tendon. The fascial flaps and free skin grafts in eight patients were completely survived. All patients were followed up for 3-24 months, the donor and recipient sites were healed very well. The functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONSPeroneal tendofascial flap combined with adipofascial flap, with proximal pedicle or reverse distal pedicle, can be used to repair the defect at the lower leg and refractory small- and medium-sized defects at the heel.

Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; transplantation ; Adult ; Aged ; Fascia ; anatomy & histology ; transplantation ; Female ; Fibula ; Heel ; injuries ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; anatomy & histology ; transplantation ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Skin Transplantation ; Surgical Flaps

Objective To monitor the prevalence of Keshan disease in Huangling County, Shaanxi Previnee in 2007. Methods All local residents in surveinance area of Keshan disease in Diantou and Yaoping Township of Huangling County, were surveyed and given overall examinations by electrocardiography. The patients of latent and chronic Keshan disease were examined by X-ray. The selenium contents in blood and hair were monitored by fluorospectrophotometry in surveillance and non-surveillance areas. Results No new ease of acute or sub-acute patient was found. Latent and chronic patients detected accounted for 3.92% (35/893). Only 1 ease of new latent Keshan disease was newly found. Major feature of electrocardiographic abnormality was ST-T change. By X-ray, there were 27 eases with a normal heart, 20 eases with mild enlargement, 20 eases with medium enlargement, and 16 eases with marked enlargement. Serological selenium eoncentrations were (38.67±19.58), (48.55±22.36), (67.29±17.32)μg/L, respectively in patients, internal and external eontrols(F=16.291 ,P<0.01). Selenium contents of children's hair were (0.376±0.101), (0.372±0.085), (0.436±0.085)μg/L, respectively(F= 17.032, P<0.01). Conclusions Cases of diagnosed Keshan disease were decreased compared with the previous years. There were new eases of latent Keshan disease in Huangling County, Shaanxi Province.

Macleaya cordata, a perennial plant in the genus Macleaya, it mainly distributed in most provinces and regions south of the Yangtze river and north of Nanling mountains of China and has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine. It is bitter, cold, warm, poisonous. M. cordata has the functions of dispelling wind, analgesia, detoxification and detumescence. It mainly treats poisonous abscess, cachexia, ulcer, scabies, trichomonal vaginitis, etc. It also has insecticidal and anti-itching activities. The main chemical constituents of M. cordata are isoquinoline alkaloids, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protoopioid and allocrine alkaloids are the higher ones. In addition, it also contains phenylpropanoids, steroids, organic acids, phenols and volatile oils. The pharmacological effects of M. cordata are mainly anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and improving liver function. In agriculture, it can be used as botanical insecticides and bacteriostasis, and also as feed additives for animal husbandry. By reviewing and analyzing domestic and foreign researches that isoquinolines were the main active constituents and characteristic components of M. cordata. This paper provides theoretical basis for the development and utilization of M. cordata extract and its' monomer compounds.