OBJECTIVETo study the hydrodynamic ultrasonic energy extraction technique for Chinese Medicine.

METHODThe content of baicalin in Radix Scutellariae extracts and total flavones in Folium Ginkgo extracts were as indexes respectively and measured by high performance liquid chromatography. We investigated the hydrodynamic ultrasonic energy extraction process for the extraction of Radix Scutellariae and Folium Ginkgo respectively, and compared with refluxing method, decoction and ultrasonic extraction. With the content of the extracts as indexes, Compound prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine were extracted by the hydrodynamic ultrasonic extraction and decoction extraction.

RESULTThe content of baicalin of hydrodynamic ultrasonic energy extracts was significant higher than other extracts. The content of Ginkgo leaves flavones in hydrodynamic ultrasonic energy extracts and ultrasonic extracts had no significant difference. Compared with decocting extracts, hydrodynamic ultrasonic energy extracts of TCM compound prescriptions content was higher greatly.

CONCLUSIONThe hydrodynamic ultrasonic energy extraction process showed higher extraction rate of baicalin of radix scutellariae than traditional extraction methods. And it was beneficial to the dissolution of water-soluble constituents in compound prescriptions of TCM. The content of Ginkgo leaves flavones in the hydrodynamic ultrasonic energy extracts and ultrasonic extracts had no obvious difference.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; Flavones ; analysis ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Reference Standards ; Scutellaria ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Ultrasonics

To understand the evolutionary characterization of HA1 of H1N1 influenza virus HA gene circulaing from 1981 to 2005 in China, viral RNAs of 370 H1N1 strains were extracted and transcribed into cDNA by reverse transcriptase and amplified by PCR. The products of PCR were sequenced. The sequences were analyzed through biometic software. The results showed that all the four antigenic sites were mutated, bigger change occurred on the Sb and Ca sites; the 130 loop of receptor binding sites(RBS) of HA1 amino acid deleted at the 134th site in 1991 firstly, then the number of the deleted strains were increasing, since 2000, all the strains had deleted at the 134th site, and simultaneously, the amino acid at 137th site was substituted by S for T. The change of HA1 glycosylation sites was found and 7 sites kept stable from 2000 to 2005. The H1N1 strains of the same year almost clustered in the same group on the phylogenetic tree and were irrelevant to virus isolated time and area. There appeared two groups of 2005 H1N1 virus strains that differed in time of virus isolation.
China ; Genes, Viral ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Time Factors

BACKGROUNDTo establish a method for H5N1 RNA detection and laboratory diagnosis of suspected human avian influenza (H5N1) virus infected cases.

METHODSThe typing and sub-typing primers were designed according to M and H5 and N1 gene respectively, and the RT-PCR and real-time PCR were developed using these primers.

RESULTSThe RT-PCR and real-time PCR could be used for H5N1 detection specifically, and there was no cross reaction with other influenza subtypes such as H1 and H3. The sensitivity for RT-PCR and real-time PCR was 1 TCID50 and 0.01 TCID50 respectively. Thirteen laboratory confirmed human H5N1 cases were detected from 42 suspected cases by using these methods.

CONCLUSIONThe established RT-PCR and real-time PCR methods can be used for laboratory detection of suspected human H5N1 cases.

Animals ; Chick Embryo ; DNA Primers ; genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; diagnosis ; virology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Objective: To estimate the excess mortality attributed to non-optimal ambient temperature in China. Methods: Mortality data and meteorological data from 239 counties in 2013-2018 were collected to simulate the quantitative exposure-response relationship between the temperature and mortality using distributed lag nonlinear models for time series studies. Then the number of non-optimal-temperature-related excess deaths was assessed and the spatial distribution was explored. Results: There were averagely (12±8) cases of all-cause deaths per day per county from 2013 to 2018. The average daily temperature was (14.98±10.31)℃, and the daily average relative humidity was (68.79±17.25)%. The daily average O₃ concentration was (58.95±34.96) μg/m³, and the daily average PM_2.5 concentration was (54.97±45.56) μg/m³. The exposure-response curve between daily average temperature and all-cause mortality showed a "U" shape, and the theoretical minimum mortality temperature (MMT) corresponding to the minimum number of deaths was 21.60 ℃. When the temperature was higher than MMT, the heat-related health effect increased with the temperature rising. When the temperature was lower than MMT, the cold-related effect increased with the temperature decreasing. The attributable fraction (AF) of death caused by non-optimal temperature was 8.76% (95%CI: 8.07%-9.10%), and the AF of death caused by cold effect and heat effect was 7.21% (95%CI: 6.51%-7.57%) and 1.55% (95%CI: 1.46%-1.61%), respectively. The excess deaths from non-optimal temperature in 2015 were 519 122, 72.98% of which could be attributed to low temperature. The number of excess deaths caused by non-optimal temperature mainly showed a decreasing trend from the east to the west, relatively high (117 522) in East China. Heilongjiang Province (in Northeast China) had the most excess deaths (26 924) caused by low temperature, and Guangdong Province(in South China) had the most excess deaths (27 763) caused by high temperature. Conclusion: The non-optimal temperature has a significant impact on health and causes a considerable burden of disease in China with obvious spatial heterogeneity.
Humans ; Temperature ; China/epidemiology* ; Cost of Illness ; Fever ; Particulate Matter/analysis*

OBJECTIVEIn mid-July 2005, five patients presented with septic shock to a hospital in Ziyang city in Sichuan, China, to identify the etiology of the unknown reason disease, an epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory study were conducted.

METHODSAn enhanced surveillance program were established in Sichuan, the following activities were introduced: active case finding in Sichuan of (a) laboratory diagnosed Streptococcus suis infection and (b) clinically diagnosed probable cases with exposure history; supplemented by (c) monitoring reports on meningococcal meningitis. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection was confirmed by culture and biochemical reactions, followed by sequencing for specific genes for serotype and virulence factors.

RESULTSFrom June 10 to August 21, 2005, 68 laboratory confirmed cases of human Streptococcus suis infections were reported. All were villagers who gave a history of direct exposure to deceased or sick pigs in their backyards where slaughtering was performed. Twenty six (38%) presented with toxic shock syndrome of which 15 (58%) died. Other presentations were septicaemia or meningitis. All isolates were tested positive for genes for tuf, species-specific 16S rRNA, cps2J, mrp, ef and sly. There were 136 clinically diagnosed probable cases with similar exposure history but incomplete laboratory investigations.

CONCLUSIONAn outbreak of human Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infections occurred in villagers after direct exposure to deceased or sick pigs in Sichuan. Prohibition of slaughtering in backyards brought the outbreak to a halt. A virulent strain of the bacteria is speculated to be in circulation, and is responsible for the unusual presentation of toxic shock syndrome with high case fatality.

Animals ; Bacteremia ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Shock, Septic ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Streptococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; veterinary ; Streptococcus suis ; isolation & purification ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; microbiology

Objective: To explore the difference of intestinal flora between the patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage due to hyperactivity of liver-Yang and the healthy population. Method: The fecal samples of 9 patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage due to hyperactivity of liver-Yang from the first affiliated hospital of Guangzhou university of traditional Chinese medicine in 2018 were selected as observation group,and 6 stool samples from healthy subjects were selected as the control group.The total bacterial DNA was extracted from the two groups of samples,amplified according to the 16S rRNA V4 region,and paired-end sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform.The sequencing results were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis software.The flora composition and structure of the samples from two groups were compared. Result:Venn analysis of operational taxonomic units(OTU) showed significant difference in OTU numbers between the observation group and control group.Partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) showed that there was a significant difference in the composition of intestinal flora between patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage and healthy subjects.On the analysis of species and abundance,at the classification level of phylum,compared with the control group,the ratio of relative abundance values of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes(F/B) in the observation group was significantly increased,and the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia was significantly decreased(P<0.05);at the classification level of genus,there were significant differences between the two groups in the Prevotella,Bacteroides,Akkermansia,Blautia and Acidaminococcus(P<0.05,P<0.01),the ratio of relative abundance values of Bacteroides and Prevotella(B/P) in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group;at the classification level of species,there were significant differences between the two groups in P. copri,A. muciniphila,B. ovatus,B. fragilis and Ruminococcus callidus(P<0.05,P<0.01).Principal coordinate analysis showed that the two groups of samples were significantly separated,indicating that there were significant differences in flora structure between the two groups. Conclusion:Acute cerebral hemorrhage due to hyperactivity of liver-Yang is associated with structural disorder of intestinal flora,which is closely related to the decrease in relative abundance of P. copri and A. muciniphila.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features of preterm infants with a birth weight less than 1 500 g undergoing different intensities of resuscitation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the preterm infants with a birth weight less than 1 500 g and a gestational age less than 32 weeks who were treated in the neonatal intensive care unit of 20 hospitals in Jiangsu, China from January 2018 to December 2019. According to the intensity of resuscitation in the delivery room, the infants were divided into three groups:non-tracheal intubation ( RESULTS: Compared with the non-tracheal intubation group, the tracheal intubation and ECPR groups had significantly lower rates of cesarean section and use of antenatal corticosteroid ( CONCLUSIONS For preterm infants with a birth weight less than 1 500 g, the higher intensity of resuscitation in the delivery room is related to lower rate of antenatal corticosteroid therapy, lower gestational age, and lower birth weight. The infants undergoing tracheal intubation or ECRP in the delivery room have an increased incidence rate of adverse clinical outcomes. This suggests that it is important to improve the quality of perinatal management and delivery room resuscitation to improve the prognosis of the infants.
Birth Weight ; Cesarean Section ; China ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies