Objective To evaluate the relapse rate and the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy(ALA-PDT) combined with fulguration in the treatment of perianal genital warts.Methods 67 patients with perianal genital warts were randomly divided into the three groups.22 cases in the fulguration and ALA-PDT treatment group performed the ALA-PDT treatment immediately after removal of dominant wart by fulguration,once a week,treatment for 3-4 times.22 cases in the ALA-PDT treatment group only underwent ALA-PDT treatment,once a week,treatment for one month.23 cases in the fulguration group were given the traditional fulguration methods one by one electrocautery fulguration gasification treatment for all skin lesions,a weekly batch treatment,treatment for a month.Follow-up six months after the last treatment to determine efficacy and recurrence rate.Results The cure rate of combined treatment group was 90.9％ (20/22),and recurrence rate was 9.1％ (2/22) ;cure rate of photodynamic group was 54.5％ (12/22),and its recurrence rate was 22.7％ (5/22) ; cure rate of fulguration group was 39.1％ (9/23),and the recurrence rate was 43.5％ (10/23).There were statistically significant differences in the cure rate and relapse rate between combination therapy group and electrocautery treatment group (P =0.000,P =0.017).Conclusion The fulguration combined with ALA-PDT in the treatment of perianal genital warts has high cure rate,low recurrence rate,and less side effects.

OBJECTIVE: To establish bacterial endotoxin test for adenosine disodium triphosphate (ATP) raw material by TAL method. METHODS: The sensitivity of TAL and the limit of endotoxin were reviewed and confirmed. Preliminary interference test was used to determine the dilution ratio of samples and interference test was applied to determine maximum non-interference concentration. Bacterial endotoxin test was performed on 11 batches of samples according to the method stated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition). RESULTS: The sensitivity of TAL was up to the standard and the limit of endotoxin in samples were 2.0 EU?mg-1. The maximum non-interference concentration was 0.125 mg?mL-1. Results of bacterial endotoxins test of 11 batches of samples were all in line with the standard. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to detect the bacterial endotoxin of ATP raw material by TAL methods, which can replace pyrogen test.

0.05).Histopathologic examination showed no changes in the right gastrocnemius muscles injected with BTXA gel,but ultrastructurally the myopathic changes were clearly visible,like diffuse sarcomere disruption and saroplasmic reticulum expanding.The myofibre degeneration showed no remission 12 months after BTXA gel injection.Conclusion BTXA is dissolved in gel evenly.The long-lasting myofibre degeneration in BTXA gel paralyzed muscles may reflect that the paralyzed muscles fail to regain their unique function and recovery of muscle contraction.

Objective To determine the function and clinical significance of OMOM capsule endos-copy. Methods To review the history and outcomes of 65 patients underwent capsule endoscopy from Oct. to Dec. 2004. Results OMOM capsule endoscopy failed to pass the pylorus within the effective working time in one case. The significant pathological findings were revealed in 47 patients among 64 patients (73. 4% ). Inflammatory small bowel diseases in 21 patients including Crohn's disease in 3 patients, small intestinal pol-yps in 8 patients including one Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, angiodysplasia in 9, diverticula in 3, hookworm in 3, submucosal tumor in 3 including one myosarcoma finally diagnosed by operation. OMOM capsule endosco-pies have working time 473 min (360-630) averagely. The duration from oral to anus was 1723 min (690-2370 min) averagely. Conclusion The capsule endoscopy is a highly useful technique in detecting small in-testinal diseases. It can be recommended as part of the routine work-up in patients with obscure bleeding.

When some testing institutions performed biological evaluation to the disposable medical syringe piston, cytotoxicity was found. According to the biological evaluation testing Selection Guide proposed by Ministry of Health and the Comments of Sample Provider, We performed biological evaluation to one sample by using 5 tests of basic biological evaluation. Cytotoxicity was found, which was probably caused by the residue of the lotion. This research provides reference for objective evaluation of disposable medical syringe piston and safe guarantee of the product.
Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ; Disposable Equipment ; Syringes ; adverse effects

Objective: To investigate the status of the development of primary teeth and to identify the development patterns among infants and toddlers in nine cities of China in 2015. Methods: Healthy children aged 1-<36 months were investigated by across-sectional survey and retrospective studies, which was carried out in 9 cities (Beijing, Harbin and Xi′an in northern China; Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan in central China; and Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming in southern China) from June to October in 2015. Subjects (n=103 995) were divided into 14 age groups (1-<2, 2-<3, 3-<4, 4-<5, 5-<6, 6-<8, 8-<10, 10-<12, 12-<15, 15-<18, 18-<21, 21-<24, 24-<30, 30-<36 months). There were 150-200 boys and girls respectively in each group of urban and suburb areas in each city. The eruption status and the number of primary teeth were examined by the trained child health care physician or pediatrician on the spot. The timing of primary teeth eruption of children was retrospectively surveyed using a questionnaire. The prevalence of primary teeth was calculated and χ² test was used for comparison of categorical data. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the median and percentile age of eruption of primary teeth. Results: Totally 103 995 children aged 1-<36 months were investigated. There were 52 346 children in urban areas (boys 26 228, girls 26 118) and 51 649 children in suburb areas (boys 25 912, girls 25 737). The eruption rate of primary teeth in children under 2 years became higher with age and the difference among each age group was statistically significant (χ²=85 913.868, P<0.01), which was 0.3% (22/7 450) in 3-<4 months group, 43.0% (3 227/7 503) in 6-<8 months group and 99.9% (7 441/7 446) in 15-<18 months group. The eruption age of primary teeth was 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months), and the range of the 3rd to 97th percentile was 4.1-10.6 months. The eruption ages of primary teeth in urban and suburb areas children were 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months) and 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months) respectively. The eruption age of primary teeth was earlier in boys (6.4 months, 95%CI: 6.3-6.5 months) than that in girls (6.7 months, 95%CI: 6.6-6.8 months). The median eruption age of primary teeth was earlier in northern China (6.2 months) than that in central (6.7 months) and southern China (6.9 months). The eruption rate of primary teeth became higher with age, showing that the median number of primary teeth was 2 in 8-<10 months group, 8 in 12-<15 months group and 20 in 30-<36 months group. Conclusions The timing of eruption of primary teeth was similar between urban and suburb areas children and that of the boys was slightly earlier than that of the girls. There were slight differences among different regions in the eruption timing of primary teeth. The range of the 3rd to 97th percentile in the eruption age of primary teeth was 4.1-10.6 months and the number of primary teeth followed the regular development pattern with age.

Objective: To analyze the current situation of gross motor development of infants in nine cities of China and their relationship with physical growth. Methods: Healthy full-term infants aged 1-24 months were investigated by cross-sectional survey, which was carried out in nine cities (Beijing, Harbin, Xi'an in northern, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan in central, and Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Kunming in southern regions of China) from June to October in 2015. Subjects were grouped into 12 age groups (1-<2, 2-<3, 3-<4, 4-<5, 5-<6, 6-<8, 8-<10, 10-<12, 12-<15, 15-<18, 18-<21, 21-<24 months). Gross motor development of infants was examined by fieldworkers and the information on parental education, family income and birth status were obtained by questionnaire. Weight, length and head circumference was measured by fieldworkers according to standard methods in the fields and their Z scores were calculated by using WHO growth standard. Z scores of weight (WZ), length (LZ) and head circumference (HCZ) <-2 s was considered as lower group, -2 s-<-1 s as medium-lower group, -1 s-1 s as medium group, 1 s-<2 s as medium-higher group and ≥2 s as higher group. The age of gross motor development was calculated by Probit regression analysis and χ² test was used for comparison of categorical data. Results: (1) The number of infants whose gross motor development was examined were 88 968 in the nine cities. The proportion of achievement of motor development became larger with the chronological age, i.e. it was 11.1% (800/7 236) at 5-<6 months, 65.2% (4 921/7 545) at 6-<8 months and 98.5% (7 417/7 531) at 8-<10 months for sitting alone without support. There was no gender difference in the proportion of achievement of sitting alone without support, hand-knee crawl, stand alone and walk alone (χ²=2.873, 0.275, 0.250, 0.576, all P>0.05). (2) The median age of achievement of sitting alone without support, hand-knee crawl, stand alone, walk alone was respectively 5.9, 7.8, 10.8, 13.0 months, and their ranges from 1^st to 99^th percentile were respectively 4.2-8.3 months, 4.9-12.6 months, 7.6-15.4 months, 9.8-17.4 months. The gender difference of median age of gross motor development was 0.0-0.1 months and their regional difference was 0.0-0.7 months. (3) In the lower weight group, their median age of sitting alone without support and walk alone were 0.2-0.6 months later than the medium weight group, while their median age of hand-knee crawl and stand alone were similar to those of the medium weight group. In higher weight group, the median age of sitting alone without support and stand alone were similar to that of the medium weight group, while their median age of hand-knee crawl was 0.3 later months and their median age of walk alone was 0.3 months earlier than that of the medium weight group. There was no significant relationship between length and the age of sitting alone or standing alone (the difference was 0.0-0.2 months in each group). The median age of hand-knee crawl and walk alone was 0.4-0.7 months later in lower length group than in other length groups. The median age of gross motor development was similar among different head circumference groups (0.0-0.2 months). The relationship between weight/length and motor development was similar to that between weight and motor development. Conclusions There were no gender difference and slightly regional difference in the age of achievement of gross motor skills. The percentile age of gross motor skills helps to understand the population variation in healthy infants. The gross motor development is related with weight, length and body proportion.

Objective To analyze the breastfeeding rate of children under two years of age in nine cities of China in 2015 and variations in breastfeeding patterns from 1985 to 2015. Methods All data were collected from a series of national cross-sectional surveys "National Growth Survey of Children under Seven Years Old in Nine Cities of China" (urban and suburban areas of Beijing, Haerbin, Xi'an, Wuhan, Nanjing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming) conducted from each May to October in 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015. Stratified cluster sampling was used to select healthy children at least 150 in each subpopulation. Feeding patterns within 24 h prior to investigation were analyzed through face-to-face interviews using a self-made questionnaire. The rates of exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding and formula feeding were described as composition ratios. The difference between urban and suburban areas was analyzed by Chi-square test and the weaning age was calculated with a Probit model. Results (1) In 2015, the exclusive breastfeeding rate for infants under six months of age was 48.8% (9 143/18 722) in urban areas and 48.4% (8 652/17 878) in suburban areas, and the breastfeeding rates at one and two years old were 36.1% (1 351/3 746) and 5.8% (211/3 668) in urban areas and 29.9% (1 128/3 776) and 4.3% (157/3 683) in suburbs. The differences of breastfeeding patterns in ≥1-<2, ≥2-<3, ≥ 3-<4, ≥ 5-<6, ≥ 10-<12, ≥ 12-<15, ≥ 18-<21 and ≥ 21-<24 months of age were all significantly between suburbs and urban areas (χ2=8.575-36.299, all P<0.01). The age at weaning age was 9.4 months and 9.3 months in urban and suburban areas, respectively. (2) From 1985 to 2005, breastfeeding rates showed a decreasing trend, especially in suburban areas where the exclusive breastfeeding rate for infants under six months of age decreased from 60.2% (8 898/14 780) to 42.5% (6 487/15 261) and the continuous breastfeeding rate decreased from 60.1% (2 164/3 600) to 27.6% (783/2 838) at the age of one and from 8.9% (320/3 600) (in 1995) to 3.0% (85/2 850) in 2015 at the age of two. However, from 2005 to 2015, breastfeeding rates were on the rise, especially in urban areas in which the exclusive breastfeeding rate for infants under six months of age increased from 32.8% (5 176/15 782) to 48.8% (9 143/18 722) and the continuous breastfeeding rates at one and two years old respectively increased from 17.0% (499/2 940) to 36.1% (1 351/3 746) and from 1.2% (34/2 856) to 5.8% (211/3 668). Conclusions There are great changes in breastfeeding patterns for Chinese children in the nine cities from 1985 to 2015. In the first two decades, breastfeeding rates decreased and the duration of breastfeeding was shortened, while the last decade have seen increased breastfeeding rates and longer breastfeeding duration. The exclusive breastfeeding rate for infants under six months of age is similar in urban and suburban areas and both have reached about to 50% in 2015, which indicates fruitful results have achieved through the implementation of infant feeding strategies and related measures in China.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of 3D-printed guide plate assisted versus freehand placement of cannulated screws for the treatment of Sanders type II and III calcaneal fractures.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 29 patients with Sanders type II and III calcaneal fractures admitted to Chonggang General Hospital from June 2020 to October 2022. Among them, there were 18 males and 11 females, with an age range of 22-69 years [(40.1±11.5)years]. Nineteen patients were treated with individualized 3D-printed guide plate assisted placement of cannulated screws (3D-printed group) and 10 were treated with freehand placement of cannulated screws (freehand group). The surgical time, fluoroscopy times, postoperative 6-month calcaneal morphology (length, width, height, B?hler angle and Gissane angle), and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and Maryland functional score assessed at 3, 6 months after operation and at the final follow-up were compared between the two groups. The incision healing and complications were observed.Results:The patients were followed up for 6-24 months [(11.3±2.5)months]. The surgical time and fluoroscopy times in the 3D-printed group were (53.4±9.1)minutes and (7.3±1.1)times, respectively, which were shorter than (90.2±16.0)minutes and (16.0±3.2)times in the freehand group (all P<0.01). At 6 months after operation, there was no significant difference in calcaneal length between the two groups ( P>0.05); the calcaneal width, height, B?hler angle and Gissane angle in the 3D-printed group [(34.0±1.8)mm, (47.2±1.6)mm, (27.8±1.0)°, (129.2±2.8)°] were superior than those in the freehand group [(37.5±2.0)mm, (43.0±2.7)mm, (25.8±1.5)°, (125.9±2.5)°] (all P<0.01). At 3, 6 months after operation and at the final follow-up, the values of AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score in the 3D-printed group [(72.2±2.3)points, (79.7±2.3)points, (86.5±4.4)points] were higher than those in the freehand group [(64.2±6.9)points, (73.4±4.2)points, (81.8±3.1)points] (all P<0.05); the values of Maryland score in the 3D-printed group [(71.4±7.7)points, (84.7±2.6)points, (91.5±2.5)points] were higher than those in the freehand group [(65.2±5.6)points, (79.1±3.8)points, (87.1±2.9)points] (all P<0.05). All surgical incisions were healed in stage I. In the 3D-printed group, there were no complications regarding infection, iatrogenic vascular or nerve injury, or fixation failure after surgery. In the freehand group, one patient with lateral sural cutaneous nerve injury was resolved spontaneously without specific treatment. Conclusion:Compared with freehand placement of cannulated screws, 3D-printed guide plate assisted placement of percutaneous placement has the advantages of shorter surgical time, fewer fluoroscopy times, lower reduction loss, better ankle joint function recovery, and less complications in treating Sanders type II and III calcaneal fractures.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nutritional risk,undernutrition and nutritional support among elderly inpatients with coronary heart disease in 11 tertiary A hospitals in China.Methods Records of elderly patients under the age of 90 with coronary heart disease were collected between March 2012 and May 2012 from 11 tertiary A hospitals in China following the direction of diagnosis related group of Beijing government.Results A total of 1 279 consecutive cases were recruited with the average age 74 years old (65-89).The total nutritional risk prevalence was 28.14％ (360/1 279).The prevalence of nutritional risk and nutritional risk score ≥ 5 increased with age.The prevalence of nutritional risk (12.88％ vs.30.08％ vs.42.28％) and nutritional risk scored ≥5 (10.86％ vs.18.61％ vs.27.78％)increased with age.Judging from BMI,most patients were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2),accounting for 53.0％ of the total,and prevalence of nutritional risk in this subgroup was 15.12％ (96/635).The prevalence of nutritional risk in patients with normal BMI was 34.24％.The prevalence of undernutrition defined as BMI＜ 18.5 kg/m2 was 4.25％ (51/1 279),among which patients with score ≥ 5 account for 64.7％ (33/51).The prevalence of undernutrition defined as nutritional impairment score =3 was 7.58％ (97/1 279).In patients with nutritional risk,57 were administrated nutrition support (16.6％);in patients without nutritional risk,21 received nutrition support,mostly parenteral nutrition (16 cases,76.2％).In patients with nutritional risk [(79.46± 7.19) years vs.(76.40± 6.16) years],there were statistically significant difference between those who received nutrition support and those who did not in terms of age and the ratio of patients with nutritional risk scored≥5 (35.1％ vs.17.1％) (P =0.001,P=0.002).Conclusions The prevalence of nutritional risk in patients with coronary heart disease was high.The prevalence of undernutrition was low.Prevalence of overweight and obese was high,but there was still nutritional risk in this group of patients.The patients who received nutrition support were older and had high nutritional impairment score,but the indication is not rationale.