OBJECTIVTo investigate the potential value of urine hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA as a new noninvasive diagnostic indicator for HBV-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN).

METHODSA total of 152 patients including 66 with HBV-GN, 66 with non-HBV-GN, and 20 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) without renal disease were examined for serum and urine HBV DNA levels using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for 5 serum HBV markers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

RESULTSTwenty-two patients (33%) in the HBV-GN group, but none in the other two groups, were found positive for urine HBV DNA. In the diagnosis of HBV-GN, urine HBV DNA had a high specificity (0.98), a good positive predictive value (PPV, 0.96), and a modest negative predictive value (NPV, 0.60). Urine HBV DNA, alone or in combination with serum HBeAg, was superior in the diagnosis of HBV-GN to the combination of urine HBV DNA with serum HBV DNA, hepatitis B surface antigen and the hepatitis B e antigen.

CONCLUSIONUrine HBV DNA may be one of the new noninvasive diagnostic criterion for HBV-GN.

Biomarkers ; blood ; urine ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; urine ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Glomerulonephritis ; diagnosis ; virology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective: To identify the anatomical positional relation of the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery, and investigate the predictive factors associated with the stenosis rate of the internal jugular vein after catheterization in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A single-center cross-sectional survey study of 235 patients from the Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital between August 2017 and June 2018 was performed. According to whether received hemodialysis treatment, The patients were divided into dialysis group (n=187) and control group (chronic kidney disease non-dialysis patients, n=48). Clinical data such as age, primary disease, history of deep vein catheterization, catheter indwelling time and dialysis age were collected. The positional relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery was examined by Doppler ultrasound. Measure the cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein in different neck anatomical planes and analyse of the incidence of internal jugular vein stenosis in the dialysis group. Chi-square test was used to compare the differences in the incidence of internal jugular vein stenosis between subgroups of different ages, with or without catheter retention, catheter indwelling time, dialysis age and presence or absence of diabetic nephropathy. Results: Doppler ultrasonography showed that in the 235 patients, there were four types of anatomical relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery in the plane of the flat thyroid cartilage and the apex plane of the upper clavicle. The internal jugular vein was located on the lateral, anterolateral, anterior and medial sides of the common carotid artery, accounting for 16.23%, 36.52%, 41.11% and 3.14% respectively. There were significant differences in the anatomical relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery between the left and right sides, different anatomical planes and patients of different ages (P<0.05). The rate of internal jugular vein stenosis in 187 hemodialysis patients was 47.1%. The right internal jugular vein stenosis rate was 66.4% and 44.1% in the age<65 years old group (n=128) and age≥65 years old group (n=59), respectively (P=0.004). The rate of internal jugular vein stenosis was 49.0% and 32.8% (P=0.018) in the catheter placement group (n=151) and the catheterless retention group (n=36), respectively. Two variables including age and history of catheterization were included in the logistic regression equation. The results showed that the history of catheterization was a risk factor for internal jugular vein stenosis (OR=1.668, 95% CI 1.083-2.568, P=0.020). Conclusions There is variability in the anatomical relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery. Internal jugular vein stenosis is a common complication after indwelling catheters in hemodialysis patients. The history of internal jugular vein catheterization is a risk factor affecting internal jugular vein stenosis.