Objective To study the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba injection on the renal in diabetic nephropathy rats. Methods The models of diabetic rats were induced by streptozotecin. SD rats (n=18) were randomly divided into three groups, including control group, diabetic group and treated group. After 6 weeks, blood glucose, serum cholesterol and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of MCP-1 in the glomerulus was determined by immunohistechemical staining. Results Xingding injection did not influence blood glucose and serum cholesterol, but significantly inhibited expression of MCP-1 and lowered urinary protein excretion. Conclusion Xingding injection has some protective effect, which may be through down-regulating MCP-1 expression.

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of fluvastatin on the renal lesions in diabetic rat. MethodsThe model of diabetic rats was induced by streptozotocin. SD rats were random divided into four groups: Control group, diabetic rats group, low-dose fluvastatin group 2mg/(kg·d) and high-dose fluvastatin group 4 mg/(kg·d). After treatment for 4 weeks, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of TGF β1 in the renal cortex was determined by RT-PCR. ResultsFluvastatin inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 Mrna in a dose-dependent manner, and had no influence on urinary protein, serum cholesterol and serum creatinine. ConclusionsFluvastatin inhibits the overexpression of TGF-β1Mrna, which may be related to independent cholesterol decreasing effect.

Objective To investigate the effect of p38MAPK on the RANTES expression after unilateral ureteral obstruction.Methods Twenty-two rats were randomly assigned to shame operation group (normal group) and operation group after unilateral ureteral obstruction.Renal tissues were examined by light microscopy at 8 h、24 h and 72 h after operation,Immunhistochemistry was applied to measure the expression of RANTES,RT-PCR,Western blot was performed to determine mRNA,protein,respectively.Results Compared with shame opeartion group,the mRNA and protein levels of RANTES in renal interstitum of operation group remarkly increased (P＜0.05),and also stimulated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK.Conclusion The overexpression of RANTES in UUO rats by p38MAPK signal transduction pathway.

Objective To investigate the roll of p38MAPK on the expression of osteopontin(OPN) mRNA in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated by albumin.Methods The normal renal tubular epithelial cells(NRK-52E) were incubated in the presence of albumin(30mg/ml) with or without SB203580,an inhibitor of p38MAPK.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression of OPN mRNA and the p38MAPK phosphorylation was evaluated by Western blot analysis.Results Albumin stimulated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK in a timedependent manner,and up-regulated the expression of OPN mRNA.SB203580 could inhibit the expression of OPN mRNA.Conclusion The p38MAPK signal pathway plays an important roll in OPN mRNA expression stimulated by Albumin.

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Objective To continually observe the monocyte chemoattraetant protein-1(MCP-1) expression in rats with anilateral ureteml obstruction, and to explore the relationship between MCP-1 and p38MAPK, and as well as the nuclear transcription faetor-кB (NF-кB). Method Thirty-six rots were randomly assigned to sham op-eration group (contorl group) and unilateral ureteral obstruction group (UUO group). Renal tissues were examined under light microscope 8 h,24 h and 72 h after operation, Immunhistochemistry was used to measure the expression of MCP-1 and NF-кB. RT-PCR and Western bot were employed to determine MCP-1 mRNA and p38MAPK pro-tein,respectively.Serum creatinine and ure nitrogen were examined with biochemistry methods. Results Com-pared with control group, the expression of MCP-1 mRNA in UUO group dramatically increased (control group:0.401±0.039;UUO group 8 h:0.894±0.137;24 h: 1.416±0.135;72 h: 1.894±0.14, P<0.05).The explosion of MCP-1 protein in renal interstitium of UUO group also markedly increased (control group: 50.08±3.210. UUO group 8 h:108.25±4.325;24 h: 179.34±3.237;72 h: 230.12±3.026, P<0.05),and the expressions of NF-кB and p38MAPK in UUO group were also stimulated (p38MAPK: control group: 110.65±9.734. UUO group 8 h:200.15±8.326; 24 h:272.74±7.244;72 h:549.11±9.544, P<0.05). There were positive correlations between MCP-1 and p38MAPK as well as NF-кB(r=0.74,r=0.81,P<0.01).Conclusions Tne increased expression of MCP-1 may participate in the injury mechanisms of renal tubulointesti-tinm in UUO rats. The increased expression of p38MAPK may induce NF-кB expression in the tubules, and then NF-кB promotes the expression of MCP-1.

Objective To explore influential factors and features of relapse of presenting with an initial episode of acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease(IDDCNS) in children.Methods By group-control study,20 relapsing patients with IDDCNS compared with 50 single episoding patients with IDDCNS whose case history longer than 0.5 year,whose age at onset,gender,preceding infection or immunization,neurologic syndromes at presentation,therapeutic response,and final neurologic outcome after initial episode were analyzed by mono-factor analysis and multi-factor nonconditional Logistic regression model.Results 1.The risk of relapse increased in the near future,75.0% relapsed before 6 months.There were 18 cases diagnosed multiple sclerosis(MS),1 case neurooptic myelitis and 1 case immaturity myelitis in relapsing patients.There were 39 cases diagnosed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in single episoding patients.2.Mono-factor analysis:8 factors were not statistically significant,including age at onset,gender,seizure,palsy,conscious disturbance,ataxia,natural relief,sequelae after the first attack;6 factors were statistically significant,including infectious or vaccination agents before episode,fever,visual disorder,multiple neurological signs,positive pathologic reflex,with marked improvement to cortical hormone.3.In the multi-factor stepwise regression analysis,visual disorder(OR=42.50)and positive pathologic reflex(OR=8.666)were the independent influencing factors,multiple neurological signs(OR=0.068)was independent protecting factor.Conclusions The rate of relapse in IDDCNS is lower than abroad and most relapse before 0.5 year,the main diagnosis of relapsing case is MS.When visual disorder and positive pathologic reflex presenting in the fist episode of IDDCNS,the opportunity of relapse will increase,and will decrease when multiple neurological signs presenting.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of renal interstitial fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction and renal protctive effect of angiotensin coverting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI),benazepril on rat kidney.Methods Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to shame operation group (normal group),operation group, benazepril(10mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ) treatment group after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Renal tissues were examined by light and electronmicroscopy at the 2nd week after operation. Immunohistochemistry was applied to measure the expression of collagen Ⅲ,transforming growth factor ? 1 (TGF-? 1 ) and nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB) in the renal interstitium.Results In comparison with shame operation group, the expression of collagen Ⅲ , TGF-? 1 and NF-kB in the interstitium of operation group markedly increased (P

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Objective Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rapidly evolving neurologic syndrome with characteristic clinical and radiographic features. To define the clinical characteristics of PRES in patients with eoneomitant systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by analyzing their clinical manif-estations and reviewing the literature. Methods The details of 4 cases and a review of the literature relevant to the development of PRES in association with SLE are presented. We described the clinical and imaging characteristics and associated risk factors of posterior roversible PRES in patients with SLE. Results Inclu-ding our cases, we reviewed a total of 48 patients with SLE and PRES. Hypertension was observed in 42 cases (88%), renal failure in 30 cases (63%), 39 recent onset cases were treated with immunosuppressive drugs and/or steroids recently (81%). Headache was observed in 46 cases (96%), Corffusion/coma in 20 cases (42%), seizures in 43 cases (90%), visual disturbances in 28 cases (58%). Neuroimaging demonstrated posterior white matter edema involving the parietal-occipital, temporal, frontal lobes, and cerebellum. The hypertension and other worsening factors should be treated. Conclusion PRES is a central nervous system syndrome that is observed in SLE patients. It is associated mainly to acute hypertension, renal failure, and immunosuppressive drugs. Although reversibility is common, residual neurological damage may be observed. Complete clinical and radiographic recovery oeeurrs with prompt antihypertensive treatment and supportive care.