OBJECTIVE:To prepare nystatin buccal adhesive tablets and to study their properties of bioadhesion.METHODS:Nystatin buccal adhesive tablets of different formula matching ratio were prepared with carbomer(CP)and hy?droxy-propyl methyl cellulose(HPMC)as adhesive material and slow-release framework,and the adhesive power,duration of adhesion,swelling percentage and surface pH data of which were determined.RESULTS:There were great differences regarding bioadhesive properties among the adhesive tablets that of different formula matching ratio,the adhesive tablets that prepared in a formula matching ratio of1:1between CP to HPMC were of the best adhesiveness outcome.CONCLUSIONS:The buccal adhesive tablets were prepared successfully,and which can be used for the further study both in vivo and in vitro.

Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations of sevoflurane on adhesion and expression of CD24 and CD44v6 in human lung cancer cell line A549.Methods Human lung cancer cell line A549 was obtained from Shanghai Cell Biology Medical Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences and cultured in RPMI1640 culture medium containing 10％ fetal calf serum.The cells were inoculated in 24 well culture plate.After being cultured for 24 h,the cells were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group (group C) and 3 sevoflurane groups exposed to 1.7 ％,3.4 ％ and 5.1％ sevoflurane for 2,4 and 6 h respectively ( groups S1,S2,S3 ).The cells were cultured for another 48 h.Cell adhesion rate was detected by adhesion test and the expression of CD24 and CD44v6 mRNA and protein was determined by RT-PCR and flow cytometry.Results Sevoflurane significantly inhibited the cell adhesion rate and down-regulated CD24 and CD44v6 expression in a concentration and duration of exposure-dependent manner.Conclusion Sevoflurane can inhibit cell adhesion through down-regulation of CD24 and CD44v6 expression.

The medical records of 108 inpatients treated with vancomycin and norvancomycinin were collected and analyzed retrospectively.And 78.7% of all cases were used for therapy and 21.3% for prevention.The pathologic examination submission rate was 88.9% ( n=96 ).The drug utilization index ( DUI) of norvancomycin was 0.95 and vancomycin 0.92.The proportion of combination use was 86.1%and a maximum of 3 antibiotics were used.There were 6.5% cases of doubtful adverse drug reaction.The inpatient uses of vancomycin and norvancomycin are basically rational.Indications should be mastered strictly.Empirical and prophylactic uses should be minimized to prevent and delay drug resistance strain from spreading and prolong effectiveness.Necessary therapeutic drug monitoring is required.

Objective To provide basis for the formulation of policies and measures that will reduce the work pressure on nurses and to provide them with a better working environment. Methods An investigation was made via questionnaires into 942 nurses working in designated SARS hospitals and a comprehensive analysis was conducted by means of multivariant stepwise regression. Results The major factors affecting the pressure on nurses include: lack of support from and communications with families, arduousness of tasks to an unbearable point, extreme strictness in management, and unsoundness of treatment and living conditions. Conclusion Good communications with families are of great significance to nurses working in isolated areas. It is imperative to rationally allocate the human resources of nurses, show more concern for them, encourage them to participate in management, and strengthen scientific prevention so as to create a better working environment.

Distribution channel of Chinese herbal medicines has been changing. From Han to Ming Dynasty, Chinese herbal medicine were mainly trafficked to urban by dealers or farmers; From the Ming Dynasty to the foundation of new China, distribution channels are primarily intermediated with township "bazaar" and national distribution center with fixed place and regularly trading hours. In the planned economy period, the state-owned herbal medicine company was the sole medium with monopoly nature. From the mid1980s to the end of last century, planned economy and market economy have been co-existing. Stepping into 21st century, producing area highlighted in the distribution channels. Presence or absence and rise or fall of different types of distribution market went throughout the changing process of distribution channels, which became an important clue. Changes were motivated by economical consideration of channel subject, which originated from commodity characteristic and social environment changes.
Cities ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; supply & distribution ; Economic Development ; Marketing

Objective To analyze the data of concentric (c) and eccentric (e) peak torque of hamstring (H) and quadricep (Q) in differ-ent gender and angle after 4-week concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise training on knee, in order to provide suggestions for the knee extensor and flexor in rehabilitation exercise prescription. Methods 28 healthy college students from May to June 2014 in our college partic-ipated in maximum concentric (n=14) or eccentric (n=14) resistance training of the right knee extensors and flexors 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The concentric strength was measured with BIODEX isokinetic dynamometer assessment system 4 at 30 °/s, 60 °/s, 90 °/s, and ec-centric strength was measured at 60 °/s, 120 °/s, 180 °/s. PT, H/Q (He/Qc, Hc/Qc) ratio and H/H (He/Hc) or Q/Q(Qe/Qc) ratio were ana-lyzed. Results Concentric isokinetic training could improve the Hc and He at 60 °/s and 90 °/s (P<0.05), and the Qe and Qc increased at 30 °/s, 60 °/s, 90 °/s respectively (P<0.01). There was no significant improvement after eccentric training (P>0.05). After concentric isokinet-ic training, the He/Qc ratio decreased at 90 °/s (P<0.05), the Hc/Qc ratio decreased at 30 °/s (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in He/Qc and Hc/Qc after eccentric contraction (P>0.05). The Qc/Qe ratio increased at 60 °/s and 90 °/s (P<0.05), and the Hc/He ratio de-creased at 90 °/s (P<0.05) after concentric training. There was no difference in Hc/He and Qc/Qe after eccentric contraction (P>0.05). There were significant differences in Hc, He, Qc, Qe and He/Qc ratio between different genders (P<0.05). Conclusion Concentric training and ec-centric training have different influences on the muscle strength after 4 weeks training. Eccentric training only can reduce the knee stability. Hc/He ratio and Qc/Qe ratio can be used to evaluate the knee muscle function. Gender should be considered into training.

Objective To explore the establishment of peptide mapping database of Candida albicans ,laying the foundation for rapid diagnosis of Candida albicans infection .Methods 96 Candida albicans were collected clinically ,and its DNA was extracted . Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was used to amplify the ITS1-5 .8S-ITS2 gene fragments and restriction endonucleases were a-dopted to identify them .Surface enhanced laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry(SELDI-TOF-MS) instrument was applied to detect the Candida albicans peptide mapping ,and Ciphergen ProteinChip software was used to collect data automati-cally .The established peptide mapping database was verified by confirmed Candida .Results According to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis ,96 strains were confirmed as Candida albicans .15 peptide peaks were captured by SELDI-TOF-MS chips .Five peptide peaks of them with stable expression were screened out ,and the similarity analysis software was used to estab-lish peptide mapping database of Candida albicans .More than 95% of similarity was found between peptide mapping of Candida albicans and established database ,while less than 50% was found between peptide mapping of other Candida species and database . Conclusion The establishment of peptide mapping database of Candida albicans provides a theoretical basis for the rapid diagnosis of Candida albicans infection .

OBJECTIVE To discuss the relation between the fungal infection and differential leukocyte count,fever and death rate,for progressing clinical diagnosis and therapy in fungal infection. METHODS The patients were divided into septicemia groups,lung infection groups,biliary tract infection groups,nerve center and local urinary tract groups,intestinal tract groups,and normal control groups.And the differential leukocyte count,and fever and death rate were analyzed. RESULTS The Aspergillus,Candida and Cryptococcus were occupied 90.8% for deep fungal infection,and the Aspergillus caused patients death rate to 88.9%;fungal infection for septicemia,lungs,biliary tract caused patients fever rate was to 100%,but urinary tract,intestinal tract and nerve center behaved variously.For lungs the Aspergillus and Penicillium caused differential leukocyte WBC count had high than the control signficant difference,P0.05. CONCLUSIONS The deep fungal infection caused higher patients fever rate,and the Aspergillus and Penicillium caused higher differential leukocyte count,but deep and local yeast was not.Currently the Aspergillus,Candida and Cryptococcus are three main opportunistic infected fungi.

Objective To analyze the impacts of early enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) on the prognosis of acute pancreatitis.Method By searching relevant literature between January 1996 and August 2013 in Chinese and English databases including Wanfang,VIP,CNKI,PubMed,the Cochrane Library,CBM,and EMABSE,we compared the prognosis of acute pancreatitis after EN or PN in terms of casefatality rate,infections,multiple organ failure,and other complications.Result Compared with PN,early EN significantly reduced the case-fatality rate [OR =0.37,95％ CI (0.23,0.58),P ＜ 0.000 1],decreased the infection rate [OR =0.24,95％ CI (0.15,0.39),P ＜0.000 01],shortened hospital stay [MD =-9.87,95％ CI (-10.84,-8.89),P ＜ 0.000 01],and reduced complications [OR =0.26,95％ CI (0.12,0.58),P =0.001 0] in patients with acute pancreatitis,although the incident of multi-organ failure showed no significant difference [OR =0.35,95％ CI (0.10,1.19),P =0.09].Conclusions For patients with acute pancreatitis,early EN is superior than PN in terms of case-fatality rate,infection rate,hospital stay,and complications.Therefore,it should be applied in such patients whenever condition allows.