OBJECTIVE:To investigate the preparation technic and method of quality control of Xinyoukexing tincture(XYKX) METHODS:To determine the content of Valaciclovir by spectrophotography,and podophyllotoxin by dual-wavelength spectrophotography RESULTS:In the range of 14 88～34 72?g/ml,the Valaciclovir concentration in XYKX was in direct proportion to the absorption at 310 4nm,C=44 5 905A+1 7 556,r=0 9 998 In the range of 17 50～50 12?g/ml,the podophyllotoxin concentration in XYKX was in direct proportion to the absorption at 292nm,C=97 7 981Ap292+1 3 614,r=0 9 999,AP292=As292-As325 CONCLUSION:The preparation technic of XYKX is simple and the method of quality control is feasible

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( ox-LDL) on autophagy in mac-rophages and the underlying molecular mechanisms.METHODS:RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with 2 mg/L anti-CD36 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD36 mAb), 5 μmol/L diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), 3 mmol/L 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or 1μmol/L rapamycin for 1 h and then treated with ox-LDL (100 mg/L) for 12 h.The viability of the cells was measured by MTT assay.The activities of lactic dehydrogenase ( LDH) in the medium and nicotinamide adenine dinucleoti-de phosphate ( NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase ( SOD) in the cells as well as the levels of intracellular reactive ox-ygen species ( ROS) and malondialdehyde ( MDA) were determined to characterize the membrane integrity and the oxida-tive stress, respectively.The protein levels of beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II ( LC3-II) , 2 important molecular markers of autophagy, were examined by Western blotting.RESULTS:ox-LDL induced autophagy in
RAW264.7 macrophages as assessed by upregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-II.Similar to 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, an-ti-CD36 mAb significantly inhibited the ox-LDL-induced upregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-II.Anti-CD36 mAb suppressed the ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress as revealed by decreased NADPH oxidase activation, ROS and MDA generation as well as increased SOD activity.Similar results were observed in the cells pretreated with DPI, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor.Mo-reover, DPI significantly inhibited the ox-LDL-induced upregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-II.Inaddition, the decrease in the cell viability and increase in LDH release induced by ox-LDL were promoted by 3-MA and blocked by rapamycin ( an auto-phagy inducer).CONCLUSION: ox-LDL induces autophagy in RAW264.7 macrophages, which may be involved in CD36-mediated ox-LDL uptake and subsequent activation of oxidative stress, and moderate activation of autophagy may pro-tect macrophages from ox-LDL-induced injury.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect and the mechanisms of Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (BZYQ) on Spleen-Qi deficiency rat's model using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics and multivariate statistical analysis methods. The rat Spleen-Qi deficiency model was established as follows: oral administration of Radix Rhei extract, loaded swimming and starvation for 24 h. The body weight and motor behavior of the rats were measured and recorded once a week. BZYQ could significantly improve body weight and behavioral of Spleen-Qi deficiency model rats compared with the model group (P < 0.05, 0.01). After drug administration, the changes in the levels of endogenous metabolites in the spleen including decreasing lactate, taurine and hypoxanthine, increasing glutamate and scyllo-inositol compared with the model group. The metabolomics approach is an effective tool for the investigation of the pharmacologic mechanism of BZYQ and it is helpful to further research.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Metabolomics ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Qi ; Rats ; Spleen

Bridged-Ring Compounds ; poisoning ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Poisoning ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To observe the changes of expressions of glucose transporter 1,3 gene(GLUT1 mRNA and GLUT3 mRNA) in hippocampus after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in newborn rats and effects of progesterone on them.Methods Forty SD rats(7-day-old) were divided randomly into 4 groups:normal group,sham operation group,hypoxic-ischemic group and progesterone group.Rats were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation and exposed to 80 mL/L oxygen and 920 mL/L nitrogen gas for 2 hours to establish hypoxic-ischemic model in hypoxic-ischemic group and progesterone group.The rats in sham operation group only received right common carotid artery ligation.Progesterone(8 mg/kg) or sesame oil(of same volume) was given intraperitonealy in progesterone group or other groups 30 minutes before operation.All rats were killed 24 hours after operations.The expressions of GLUT1 mRNA and GLUT3 mRNA in hippocampus of rats in every group were assessed by adopting RT-PCR technique.Results The expressions of GLUT1 mRNA and GLUT3 mRNA in the hypoxic-ischemic group(0.674?0.083,0.785?0.093) increased markedly compared with those in sham operated group(0.374?0.061,0.519?0.060)(Pa0.05).Conclusions Progesterone maintain the energy supply of the brain by up-regulating the expression of GLUT1 mRNA and GLUT3 mRNA and accelerating the transportation of glucose into brain,which may be one of the protective mechanisms.

AIM: To evaluate the relationship between damages of visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)with highly myopia. POAG with highly myopia group (21 eyes of 17 cases), POAG with non-highly myopia group (17 eyes of 16 cases), highly myopia without POAG group (25 eyes of 20 cases) and normal control group (19 eyes of 17 cases).automated perimeter and thickness of RNFL was measured by optical coherent tomography(OCT). Main outcome mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and mean sensitivity at superior, inferior, nasal and temporal sectors in total deviation probability plots. Thickness of RNFL at superior, inferior, nasal and temporal sector.total deviation probability plots of the early POAG with highly myopia than that of POAG without highly myopia,and the early visual field defects of glaucoma in pattern deviation probability plots of this group. MD of POAG with highly myopia was more than those of others (P＜0.05).The differences of MD, PSD and mean sensitivity between POAG with highly myopia and others were significant(P＜0.05).Mean sensitivities in each sector of POAG without highly myopia were similar to those of highly myopia(P＞0.05). The thickness of RNFL of POAG with highly myopia was thinner than that of others and the thickness of RNFL of normality was thicker than that of others. The relationship between mean sensitivity and the thickness of RNFL in each quadrant was significant(P＜0.05).judgment of the visual field changes in POAG with highly myopia. The relationship between RNFL thickness by OCT and visual field damage may provide clinically relevant information in diagnosis of POAG with highly myopia. Field; optical coherent tomography

Objectives To summarize the characteristics,differential diagnosis and management of incomplete 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-1yase deficiency(17 OHD)of Chinese patients.Methods Six cases of incomplete 17 OHD from Peking Union Medical College Hospital were studied retrospectively through analyzing their clinical data,and the molecular pathogenic mechanism was discussed after literature review.Results Four cases of 46,XX incomplete 17 OHD were reported.The clinical characteristics included female phenotype,various degrees of breast development and absent or sparse axillary/pubic hair, oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea,recurrent luteinized ovarian cysts,hypogonadism with persistent hyperprogesteronemia or high serum 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone level,with or without hypokalemic hypertension.There were also 2 cases of 46,XY incomplete 17 OHD,in which ambiguous genitalia were present besides hypokalemic hypertension.Conclusions Incomplete 17 OHD is a very rare form of congenital enzymatic deficiencies of steroid synthesis,which should be included in the differential diagnosis when there are menstrual disorders,sexual infantilism,recurrent ovarian cysts or ambiguous genitalia.Under such circumstances,hyperprogesteronemia offers a valuable clue for further investigation.

OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively analyzing the anatomic variants on temporal computed tomography (CT) in congenital external auditory canal stenosis (EACS), congenital aural atresia (CAA), and normal ear structure. METHODS: Through a retrospective study, we analyzed 142 temporal high-resolution CT studies performed in 71 microtia patients. The following 6 parameters were compared among the three groups: Marx classification, medial canal diameter, vertical facial nerve (VFN) anterior displacement, tegmen mastoideum position, tympanic cavity volume, and malleus-incus joint or malleus-incus complex (MIC) area. RESULTS: The results showed that the microtia distributions in the Marx classification in these three groups were significantly different, as 86% (31 of 35) of ears with major microtia (third-degree dysplasia) had an atresia, and in 54.8% (23 of 42) of the minor microtic (first-degree or second-degree) ears, the bony or cartilaginous part of the external auditory canal was stenotic. Measurement data also showed that the potential medial canal diameter of the atresia group was obviously shorter than that of the stenosis group. The VFN anterior displacement and temporomandibular joint backward-shift together lead to medial canal diameters in ears with atresic canals that is smaller than those with stenotic canals. The tegmen mastoideum position was not significantly different between the three groups. CONCLUSION: The mal-development of the external auditory canal is significantly associated with auricle and middle ear developmental anomalies. Compared with CAA ears, EACS have better development of the auricle, canal, tympanic cavity and MIC and relatively safer surgical operation except for the position of the tegmen mastoideum and the VFN.
Classification ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Ear ; Ear Canal ; Ear, Middle ; Facial Nerve ; Humans ; Joints ; Multidetector Computed Tomography ; Retrospective Studies ; Temporomandibular Joint

[ABSTRACT]AIM:ToinvestigatetheeffectofD4F,anapolipoproteinA-Imimeticpeptide,onoxidizedlow-density lipoprotein ( ox-LDL)-induced macrophage apoptosis and activation of caspase-12, a key molecule in endoplasmic reticulum stress ( ERS )-associated apoptotic pathway, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS:RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with D4F (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/L), 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA, 5 mmol/L) or diphenyleneiodonium ( DPI, 5 μmol/L) for 1 h and then treated with ox-LDL (100 mg/L) or tunicamycin ( TM, 4 mg/L) for 24 h.The cell viability and apoptosis were determined by MTT assay and TUNEL detection, respective-ly.The levels of malondialdehyde ( MDA) and reactive oxygen species ( ROS) in the cells and the activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH) oxidase were determined.The protein level of caspase-12 was examined by Western blot analysis.RESULTS: Similar to the ERS inhibitor PBA, D4F protected RAW264.7 macrophages from ox-LDL or TM ( an ERS inducer)-induced decrease in the viability and increase in apoptotic rate in a dose-dependent manner.Like DPI (an oxidative stress inhibitor), D4F significantly inhibited ox-LDL-induced ox-idative stress, as expressed by the decreased generation of ROS and MDA ( P<0.01) , the increased activity of SOD and the decreased activity of NADPH oxidase (P<0.05).Moreover, similar to PBA and DPI, D4F significantly suppressed ox-LDL-induced activation of caspase-12 in a concentration-dependent manner ( P<0.05) .Furthermore, D4F also inhibi-ted the caspase-12 activation induced by TM (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: D4F inhibits macrophage apoptosis induced by ox-LDL, and the mechanism is at least partially by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting the activation of caspase-12.

AIM:To investigate the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on oxidized low-den-sity lipoprotein ( ox-LDL )-induced macrophage apoptosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms . METHODS:RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with EEP (7.5, 15 and 30 mg/L), 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA, 5 mmol/L) or diphenyleneiodonium ( DPI, 5μmol/L) for 1 h and then treated with ox-LDL (100 mg/L) or tunicamycin ( TM, 4 mg/L) for 24 h.The cell viability and apoptosis were determined by MTT assay and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit , re-spectively.The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondial-dehyde (MDA) in the cells were measured.The protein levels of caspase-12, a proapoptotic molecule under endoplasmic reticulum stress ( ERS) , were examined by Western blot analysis .RESULTS:Like PBA ( an ERS inhibitor ) , EEP pro-tected RAW264.7 macrophages from ox-LDL-induced injury in a dose-dependent manner , as assessed by the increased cell viability and the decreased apoptotic rate .The decrease in cell viability and increase in apoptotic rate induced by TM , an ERS inducer, were also attenuated by EEP .Moreover, EEP suppressed ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress as revealed by the decreased generation of ROS and MDA as well as elevated SOD activity , which were similar to DPI , an oxidative stress in-hibitor.Furthermore, EEP significantly suppressed ox-LDL-or TM-induced activation of caspase-12.Similar results were observed in the cells pretreated with PBA or DPI and then treated with ox-LDL.CONCLUSION: EEP may protect RAW264.7 macrophages from ox-LDL-induced apoptosis and the mechanism is at least partially involved in the ability of EEP to suppress oxidative stress and subsequent activation of caspase -12.