To make a systematic analysis on literatures concerning traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) advices in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and summarize the main connotations of traditional Chinese medicine advices, relevant TCM advices in Treatise on Febrile Diseases were collected, screened, compared, summarized and analyzed according to TCM dosage form preparation methods, TCM administration methods, medication contraindications and nursing after TCM administration. The literatures concerning medications in Treatise on Febrile Diseases were consulted, summarized and compared to standardize medicine advices and facilitate rational clinical application of TCMs. The standard medicine advices were as follows. The boiling water for TCMs shall be tap water and well water. The decoctions that have effects in promoting blood and meridians can be boiled with wine. The decoctions containing toxic components can be boiled with honey. Some TCMs shall be boiled with special methods, e. g. Herba Ephedra that could be boiled before other medicine and skimmed. Japonica rice could be added in decoctions to measure the duration of decoctions. Different dosages were required for different forms (litre, pill, medicine spoon). Administration times, temperature and frequency shall be adjusted according to target positions, functions and stage of illness. As for dietary contraindications during medication, thick porridges are recommended, where foods impacting medicine efficacy are prohibited. Regarding nursing after medication is important to recover physical functions, particularly warm porridges can go with diaphoretic recipes, while thick porridges can go with purgative recipes. And drug efficacies shall be defined by observing urine and excrements, and blood form. In conclusion, Treatise on Febrile Diseases is the first book that discusses TCM advices and records them in details. In this study, new standard medicine advices were proposed to provide important basis for improving clinical advices of TCMs and supports for developing the TCM dispensing technology.
Chin ; Cooking ; Drug Administration Routes ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Drug Interactions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; history ; Fever ; drug therapy ; history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature

Data Mining ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Stomach Diseases ; therapy

Objective To investigate the curative effect of percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage(PTCD) on patients with non-anastomotic stricture after liver transplantation when treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP) unsuccessfully.Method The clinical data of 29 patients with non-anastomotic biliary stricture after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed,who failed to respond to ERCP and underwent PTCD from January 2005 to December 2007.Result All patients were performed PTCD successfully including cholangiography in 141 cases,drainage tube replacement in 115 cases,and balloon dilation of bile duct stricture in 39cases.The intubation time ranged from 2 months to 65 months.The mean levels (x ± SD) of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin were 68.0 ± 29.1 U/L,52.6 ± 34.8 U/L,63.2 ± 33.3 μmol/L after treatment in comparison to 178.3 ± 63.3 U/L,144.0 ± 59.1 U/L,154.2 ± 92.0 μmol/L before treatment.Conclusion PTCD,which could improve the symptoms and prolong the survival time of both grafts and patients in spite of inconvenience of intubation,is suggested for patients with non-anastomotic biliary stricture if they are not suitable for liver retransplantation.

The aim of this study was to develop the data element standard directory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical pharmacy information, to provide application standards and models of TCM clinical pharmacy for the electronic medical record (EMR). The developed line of work is as follows: initially establish research through four forms: literature analysis, questionnaires, discussion groups, expert advice. The research range from the Chinese herbal medicine research, herbal origin, harvesting, processing, identification of traits, physical and chemical identification, modern research, character, taste, Indications, clinical application, processing, dispensing medicine, Chinese medicine specifications, usage, dosage, caution, efficacy indications to small packaging applications, drug research, management and other related issues, including traditional Chinese medicine theory, application and hospital management information; according to the general and part 16 content of the national "Health Information Data Element Standards", and the basic method of extracting data element to study and develop the data element of TCM clinical pharmacy information from the defining content. Correspondingly propose the ideas and methods of construction of the "Data Element Standard Directory of TCM Clinical Pharmacy Information", sort out medicine clinical information data element standard catalog, divided into basic categories, clinical application class, management class three parts, and set norms and standards of identifying data elements, definitions, allowable value of traditional Chinese medicine clinical information, and discuss the sources and standards of information collection, leaving the interface, standardized and scientific terminology, docking with the existing standards, maintenance and management program and oter issues.
China ; Data Mining ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Database Management Systems ; standards ; statistics & numerical data ; Electronic Health Records ; standards ; statistics & numerical data ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; methods ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Phytotherapy ; methods ; statistics & numerical data

Through collecting and collating the development process of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing, the development of modern Chinese medicine dispensing on the basis of experience could be promoted. "Heyaofenji", "Hehe", " Heji" in ancient Chinese medicine, herbal medicine literature and law were collected, and then things were sorted out according to traditional Chinese medicine dispensing theory, skills and legal norms. Firstly, "Tang Ye Jing Fa" is the earliest book which marks the rudiment of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing. Secondly, traditional Chinese medicine dispensing theory formed in "Shen Nong's herbal classic". Thirdly, Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" marked the formation of Chinese medicine dispensing skills. Lastly, Provisions in Tang Dynasty law marks the development of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; education ; history ; legislation & jurisprudence ; methods ; China ; Dosage Forms ; Drug Compounding ; history ; methods ; Drug and Narcotic Control ; history ; legislation & jurisprudence ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; methods

Traditional Chinese medicine clinical pharmacy is the contact theory of traditional Chinese medicine and herbal application on the bridge, this paper systematically reviews the clinical pharmacy of traditional Chinese medicine the history, current situation of clinical pharmacy to conduct a comprehensive review, put forward the development of Chinese clinical pharmacy path, in order to strengthen the traditional Chinese medicine clinical pharmacy discipline construction and research.
Forecasting ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; trends ; Pharmacists ; Pharmacy Service, Hospital ; methods ; trends ; Professional Role

OBJECTIVETo study morphological features of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs in hot property.

METHODAltogether 114 traditional Chinese medicinal herbs in hot property were selected as study objects. EpiData 3.02 software was applied to establish a database, and SPSS 18.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.

RESULTIn terms of shape, there were 25 cylindrical herbs, accounting for 21.9%, which was the largest proportion; 12 flaky herbs, taking up 10.5%; 11 sphere herbs, occupying 9.6%; 9 ovate and massive herbs, respectively, accounting for 7.9%; 8 oval herbs, taking up 7.0%; and the rest herbs were distributed dispersedly. By color, there were red cases, accounting for 39.5%, which was the largest proportion; 29 yellow cases, accounting for 25.4%; 16 black cases, accounting for 14.1%; 15 green cases, accounting for 13.2%; and 9 white cases, accounting for 8.9%. By odor, there were 62 cases with aroma (including slight aroma), accounting for 54.4%; 28 cases with slight odor, accounting for 24.6%; 13 cases without odor, accounting for 11.4%; 7 cases with specific odor, taking up 6.1%; 4 fishy cases, taking up 3.5%. By taste, there were 36 cases in pungent taste (including slight pungent), occuping 31.6%; 35 cases in bitter taste (including slight bitter), taking up 30.7%; 19 sweet cases (including slight sweet), occuping 16.6%; 5 salt cases (including slight salt), occuping 4.5%; 4 sour cases (including slight sour), occuping 3.5%; 11 cases in flat taste, occuping 9.6%; 3 astringent cases, occupying 2.6%; and 1 numb-taste case, occuping 0.9%. In terms of texture, hard herbs (including hard and solid ones) occupied 39.4%; crisp herbs occupied 24.6%; light-weigh herbs occupied 12.3%; heavy-weigh herbs occupied 3.5%; loose herbs occupied 2.6%; and tough herbs occupied 5.3%.

CONCLUSIONThe morphologic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines in hot property show certain regularity. They are mostly cylindrical, red, pungent and hard, with aroma.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Humans ; Odorants ; Pigments, Biological ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; Taste

OBJECTIVETo study morphological features of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs in cold property, such as shape, color, odor and taste.

METHODTotally 118 traditional Chinese medicinal herbs in cold property were selected as study objects. EpiData 3.02 software was applied to establish a database, and SPSS 18.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.

RESULTIn terms of shape, traditional Chinese medicinal herbs in cold property were classified into 20 categories. Specifically, there were 33 cylindrical herbs, accounting for 28%; there were 10 flaky, ovate and massive herbs respectively, taking up 8.5%; there were 7 oval and curled herbs, occupying 5.9%; there were 6 sphere herbs, accounting for 5.1%; and other shapes were distributed dispersedly. By color, they were classified into 18 kinds, including 15 cases in yellow-brown color, accounting for 12.7% ; 14 cases in yellow-white color, taking up 11.9%; 13 cases in white color, occupying 11.0%; 9 cases in gray-brown color, accounting for 8.5%; 7 cases in dark brown, taking up 5.9%; and there were 6 cases in green, gray and brown colors respectively, occupying 5. 1%. By odor, they could be classified into 6 categories, including 49 cases with feeble odor, accounting for 41.5%, 31 cases without odor, taking up 26.3%; 15 cases with specific odor, occupying 12.7%; with respect to taste, there were 26 cases in slight bitter taste, accounting for 22.0%; 25 cases in flat taste, taking up 21.2%; 24 cases in bitter taste, occupying 20.3%; and 16 cases in sweet taste, accounting for 13.6%. In terms of texture, there were 34 cases in crisp texture, taking up 28.8%; 26 cases in light weight, occupying 22%; 25 cases in hard texture, accounting for 21.2%; 11 cases in solid and tough textures, respectively, taking up 9.3%; those in heavy weight and loose, hard, smooth and other textures occupied a small proportion.

CONCLUSIONThe morphologic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines in cold property show certain regularity. They are mostly cylindrical, yellow, slightly bitter and crisp, with feeble odor. They provide reference for further studies.

Color ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Humans ; Odorants ; analysis ; Taste

BACKGROUNDOur previous studies have shown that both apoptosis and necrosis are involved in hair cell (HC) pathogenesis in aging cochleae. To better understand the biological mechanisms responsible for the regulation of HC death, we examined the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a mitochondrial bioenergetic enzyme, in the HCs of aging cochleae.

METHODSThe auditory brainstem response thresholds elicited by tone bursts at 4, 10 and 20 kHz were measured in both young (2-3 months) and aging (22-23 months) Wistar rats. SDH activity was evaluated with a colorimetric assay using nitroblue tetrazolium monosodium salt. The SDH-labeled organs of Corti were double stained with propidium iodide, a DNA intercalating fluorescent probe for illustration of HC nuclei. All the specimens were examined with fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy.

RESULTSAging rats exhibited a significant elevation of ABR thresholds with threshold shifts being 34 dB at 20 kHz, 28 dB at 10 kHz, and 25 dB at 4 kHz. Consistent with the reduction in the cochlear function, aging cochleae exhibited the reduction of SDH staining intensity in the apical and the basal ends of the cochleae, where a large number of apoptotic, necrotic, and missing HCs were evident. The reduction in SDH staining appeared in a cell-death-mode dependent fashion. Specifically, SDH labeling remained in apoptotic HCs. In contrast, SDH staining was markedly reduced or absent in necrotic HCs.

CONCLUSIONSIn the aging cochlea, SDH activity is preserved in HCs undergoing apoptosis, but is substantially reduced in necrosis. These results suggest that mitochondrial energetic function is involved in the regulation of cell death pathways in the pathogenesis of aging cochleae.

Aging ; metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; physiology ; Cochlea ; cytology ; enzymology ; Female ; Hair Cells, Auditory ; enzymology ; Male ; Necrosis ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEOur previous cDNA array data have shown that expression level of CDK1 increased along with the malignant progression of ganglioglioma, and decreased with the differentiation process of neural stem cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the CDK1 expression levels in gliomas and the effects of CDK1 knockdown on phenotype of glioma cells.

METHODSGlioma tissue array was constructed, which was composed of surgical specimens of gliomas with different malignancy grades, glioma xenografts in nude mice, cellular spheroids of brain tumor stem cells, normal neural stem cells and glioma cell line. CDK1 expression was detected in glioma tissue array with immunohistochemical techniques. CDK1 expression in human brain glioma cell line and relevant xenogeneic graft tumor was inhibited by retroviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Both in vitro and in vivo changes of biological characteristics were further observed.

RESULTSThe expression level of CDK1 increased along with the malignancy progression of glioma in clinical specimens. The positive expression rates of CDK1 in human brain glioma tissues were 22.2% (grade I), 40.0% (grade II), 69.6% (grade III) and 78.6% (grade IV), P = 0.01, respectively. The positive expression rate of CDK1 in glioma cell line and implanted xenografts was similar as the clinical tumors with high malignancy, and higher than those in neural stem cells and brain tumor stem cells (P = 0.0014). Expression of CDK1 was high in human fetal brain tissues and bone marrows of nude mice, but low in normal adult human brain tissues. Downregulation of CDK1 inhibited the proliferation activities notably both in SHG-44 cells in vitro and relevant xenogeneic graft tumors, and induced apoptosis of tumor cells prominantly as well.

CONCLUSIONOverexpression of CDK1 may promote oncogenesis and progression of human gliomas. Downregulation of CDK1 expression can inhibit the proliferation activities of human malignant gliomas.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Astrocytoma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Brain Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Brain Stem Neoplasms ; metabolism ; CDC2 Protein Kinase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Ganglioglioma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Silencing ; Glioma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism