As China accelerates its efforts in deep space exploration and long-duration space missions, including the operationalization of the Tiangong Space Station and the development of manned lunar missions, safeguarding astronauts’ physiological and cognitive functions under extreme space conditions becomes a pressing scientific imperative. Among the multifactorial stressors of spaceflight, microgravity emerges as a particularly potent disruptor of neurobehavioral homeostasis. Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in regulating behavior under space microgravity by influencing reward processing, motivation, executive function and sensorimotor integration. Changes in gravity disrupt dopaminergic signaling at multiple levels, leading to impairments in motor coordination, cognitive flexibility, and emotional stability. Microgravity exposure induces a cascade of neurobiological changes that challenge dopaminergic stability at multiple levels: from the transcriptional regulation of DA synthesis enzymes and the excitability of DA neurons, to receptor distribution dynamics and the efficiency of downstream signaling pathways. These changes involve downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, reduced phosphorylation of DA receptors, and alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter expression, all of which compromise synaptic DA availability. Experimental findings from space analog studies and simulated microgravity models suggest that gravitational unloading alters striatal and mesocorticolimbic DA circuitry, resulting in diminished motor coordination, impaired vestibular compensation, and decreased cognitive flexibility. These alterations not only compromise astronauts’ operational performance but also elevate the risk of mood disturbances and motivational deficits during prolonged missions. The review systematically synthesizes current findings across multiple domains: molecular neurobiology, behavioral neuroscience, and gravitational physiology. It highlights that maintaining DA homeostasis is pivotal in preserving neuroplasticity, particularly within brain regions critical to adaptation, such as the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. The paper also discusses the dual-edged nature of DA plasticity: while adaptive remodeling of synapses and receptor sensitivity can serve as compensatory mechanisms under stress, chronic dopaminergic imbalance may lead to maladaptive outcomes, such as cognitive rigidity and motor dysregulation. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual framework that integrates homeostatic neuroregulation with the demands of space environmental adaptation. By drawing from interdisciplinary research, the review underscores the potential of multiple intervention strategies including pharmacological treatment, nutritional support, neural stimulation techniques, and most importantly, structured physical exercise. Recent rodent studies demonstrate that treadmill exercise upregulates DA transporter expression in the dorsal striatum, enhances tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and increases DA release during cognitive tasks, indicating both protective and restorative effects on dopaminergic networks. Thus, exercise is highlighted as a key approach because of its sustained effects on DA production, receptor function, and brain plasticity, making it a strong candidate for developing effective measures to support astronauts in maintaining cognitive and emotional stability during space missions. In conclusion, the paper not only underscores the centrality of DA homeostasis in space neuroscience but also reflects the authors’ broader academic viewpoint: understanding the neurochemical substrates of behavior under microgravity is fundamental to both space health and terrestrial neuroscience. By bridging basic neurobiology with applied space medicine, this work contributes to the emerging field of gravitational neurobiology and provides a foundation for future research into individualized performance optimization in extreme environments.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving multiple inflammatory cells and cytokines. Its pathogenesis is complex, involving various cells and cytokines. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory suggests that the pathogenesis of asthma is closely related to the dysfunction of internal organs such as the lungs, spleen, and kidneys. In contrast, modern immunological studies have revealed the central role of T helper 1(Th1)/T helper 2(Th2) and T helper 17(Th17)/regulatory T(Treg) cellular immune imbalance in the pathogenesis of asthma. Th1/Th2 imbalance is manifested as hyperfunction of Th2 cells, which promotes the synthesis of immunoglobulin E(IgE) and the activation of eosinophil granulocytes, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.Meanwhile, Th17/Treg imbalance exacerbates the inflammatory response in the airways, further contributing to asthma pathology.Currently, therapeutic strategies for asthma are actively exploring potential targets for regulating the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg immune responses. These targets include cytokines, transcription factors, key proteins, and non-coding RNAs. Precisely regulating the expression and function of these targets can effectively modulate the activation and differentiation of immune cells. In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients have shown unique potential and prospects in the field of asthma treatment. Based on this, the present study systematically summarizes the efficacy and specific mechanisms of TCM active ingredients in treating asthma by regulating Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg immune balance through literature review and analysis. These active ingredients, including flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and phenolic acids, exert their effects through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting the activation of inflammatory cells, reducing the release of cytokines, and promoting the normal differentiation of immune cells. This study aims to provide a solid foundation for the widespread application and in-depth development of TCM in asthma treatment and to offer new ideas for clinical research and drug development of asthma.
Asthma/genetics* ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Th2 Cells/drug effects* ; Th17 Cells/drug effects* ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects* ; Th1 Cells/drug effects* ; Animals ; Cytokines/immunology* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Radiochemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) is a common oral complication in patients with tumors following head and neck radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Erosion and ulcers are the main features of OM that seriously affect the quality of life of patients and even the progress of tumor treatment. To date, differences in clinical prevention and treatment plans for OM have been noted among doctors of various specialties, which has increased the uncertainty of treatment effects. On the basis of current research evidence, this expert consensus outlines risk factors, clinical manifestations, clinical grading, ancillary examinations, diagnostic basis, prevention and treatment strategies and efficacy indicators for OM. In addition to strategies such as basic oral care, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents, anti-infective agents, pro-healing agents, and photobiotherapy recommended in previous guidelines, we also emphasize the role of traditional Chinese medicine in OM prevention and treatment. This expert consensus aims to provide references and guidance for dental physicians and oncologists in formulating strategies for OM prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, standardizing clinical practice, reducing OM occurrence, promoting healing, and improving the quality of life of patients.
Humans ; Chemoradiotherapy/adverse effects* ; Consensus ; Risk Factors ; Stomatitis/etiology*

OBJECTIVE: Humans are exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals and other factors that can affect their health. Analysis of these mixture exposures presents several key challenges for environmental epidemiology and risk assessment, including high dimensionality, correlated exposure, and subtle individual effects. METHODS: We proposed a novel statistical approach, the generalized functional linear model (GFLM), to analyze the health effects of exposure mixtures. GFLM treats the effect of mixture exposures as a smooth function by reordering exposures based on specific mechanisms and capturing internal correlations to provide a meaningful estimation and interpretation. The robustness and efficiency was evaluated under various scenarios through extensive simulation studies. RESULTS: We applied the GFLM to two datasets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In the first application, we examined the effects of 37 nutrients on BMI (2011-2016 cycles). The GFLM identified a significant mixture effect, with fiber and fat emerging as the nutrients with the greatest negative and positive effects on BMI, respectively. For the second application, we investigated the association between four pre- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and gout risk (2007-2018 cycles). Unlike traditional methods, the GFLM indicated no significant association, demonstrating its robustness to multicollinearity. CONCLUSION GFLM framework is a powerful tool for mixture exposure analysis, offering improved handling of correlated exposures and interpretable results. It demonstrates robust performance across various scenarios and real-world applications, advancing our understanding of complex environmental exposures and their health impacts on environmental epidemiology and toxicology.
Humans ; Environmental Exposure/analysis* ; Linear Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Environmental Pollutants ; Body Mass Index

Objective To observe the clinical effect of Huayu Shengxin Mixture(composed of Astragali Radix,Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Codonopsis Radix,Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Persicae Semen,Leonuri Herba,Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Zingiberis Rhizoma Praeparatum,and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle)combined with thunder-fire moxibustion on promoting endometrial repair and preventing intrauterine adhesions after induced abortion.Methods Sixty patients diagnosed as early intrauterine pregnancy and voluntarily to take abortion were randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was given estrogen therapy by oral use of Progynova starting from the day of induced abortion,and the observation group was given Huayu Shengxin Mixture combined with thunder-fire moxibustion on acupoints of Zhongji(CV3),Shenque(CV8),Guanyuan(CV4),bilateral Zigong(Ex-CA07),and bilateral Guilai(ST29)on the basis of treatment for the control group.The repair of endometrium,uterine artery blood flow,the continuity induced of uterine junctional zone and the incidence of adverse reactions of the two groups were observed.Results(1)For the repair of endometrium,the vaginal bleeding time and time for the return of menses in the observation group were significantly shortened and the endometrial thickness was significantly thickened as compared with those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).(2)The improvement of uterine artery blood flow indicators of bilateral uterine artery pulsatility index(PI),resistance index(RI)and the mean values of the ratio of peak systolic velocity to end diastolic velocity(S/D)in the observation group was superior to that in the control group,but the differences of the uterine artery blood flow indicators except for S/D of the right uterine artery were all insignificant(P＞0.05).(3)In terms of the continuity of uterine junctional zone,the patients with the interruption of uterine junctional zone in the observation group were less than those in the control group,indicating that the continuity of uterine junctional zone was significantly superior to that in the control group and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).(4)During the treatment,there were no serious adverse reactions occurring in the two groups,with high safety.Conclusion The treatment with the combination of Huayu Shengxin Mixture and thunder-fire moxibustion on the basis of post-abortion estrogen therapy is more effective on promoting the repair of endometrium and preventing intrauterine adhesions.

Objective To investigate the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of herbal cake-separated moxibustion.Methods Twenty-four New Zealand purebred male rabbits were randomly divided into normal group,model group,herbal cake-separated moxibustion group and Atorvastatin group,with 6 rabbits in each group.Except for the normal group,the rabbits in the other groups were fed with high-fat diet mixed with Propylthiouracil(PTU)method to construct an atherosclerosis model.At the same period of modeling,corresponding intervention was given.After 12 weeks,the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were detected.The pathological changes of rabbit aortic tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),interleukin 6(IL-6)and interleukin 10(IL-10)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The contents of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),phosphorylated protein kinase B(p-AKT)and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin(p-mTOR)in myocardial tissue were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the normal group,the serum levels of TC,TG and LDL-C in the model group were significantly increased(P＜0.001),the aortic vascular endothelial structure was significantly damaged,the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were increased(P＜0.001),the serum level of IL-10 was decreased(P＜0.01),and the protein expression levels of PI3K,p-AKT and p-mTOR in myocardial tissue were significantly decreased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the above indexes in the herbal cake-separated moxibustion group and the Atorvastatin group were significantly improved(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 or P＜0.001).Compared with the Atorvastatin group,the contents of TG and LDL-C in the herbal cake-separated moxibustion group were increased(P＜0.01),and other indicators did not change significantly(P＞0.05).Conclusion The mechanism of anti-atherosclerosis of herbal cake-separated moxibustion may be related to the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and the regulation of the expressions of inflammatory mediators TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-10.

The wearable electrochemical sensors exhibit many advantages such as flexibility,miniaturization,portability,biocompatibility and low cost,and can be used for accurate,safe,real-time,and non-invasive monitoring of physiological signals in sweat,which are very helpful to monitor various physiological indicators of athletes during training,predict sports risks,prevent sports injuries and scientifically guide sports training,showing enormous potential in the field of sports monitoring. In this paper,the latest research progress of wearable electrochemical sweat sensors based on the relationship between biomarkers in sweat and exercise training was reviewed,such as the sensor substrate materials,sweat sampling strategies,sensing unit,signal transmission,and power supply systems. In addition,the current application status,the opportunities and challenges in the field of motion monitoring of wearable electrochemical sensors were discussed,and their future development was prospected.

AIM To study the neoflavonoids from Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre ex Laness and their anti-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury activities on H9c2 myocardial cells.METHODS The 70%ethanol extract from D.cochinchinensis was isolated and purified by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 and reverse-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The CCK-8 method was used to detect their activities on H9c2 cells and protective effects on hypoxia-reoxygenation injury of H9c2 cells,and their structure-activity relationship was analyzed.RESULTS Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as latifolin(1),5-O-methyllatifolin(2),mimosifoliol(3),5-O-methydalbergiphenol(4),dalbergiphenol(5),cearoin(6),2,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-benzophenone(7),2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzophenone(8),melannoin(9),2,2′,5-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone(10),dalbergin(11),4-methoxydalbergione(12).The dalbergiphenols and dalbergins had little toxicity to H9c2 cells,and dalbergiphenols had strong activity against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury of H9c2 cells.CONCLUSION Compound 8 is a new natural product.Compounds 4,9 are isolated from this plant for the first time.Dalbergiphenols may be the main neoflavonoids against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury of H9c2 cells.

Objective To investigate the effect of preoperative oral midazolam on postoperative de-lirium in elderly patients with preoperative moderate-severe anxiety undergoing radical resection of colorectal cancer.Methods Eighty elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for radical resection of colorectal cancer,32 males and 48 females,aged 65-79 years,BMI 21-27 kg/m2,ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,the state-trait anxiety inventory(STAI-S)≥38 scores at admission were selected.Patients were divided into two groups using random number method:control group and midazolam group,40 patients in each group.The midazolam group were administrated midazolam 7.5 mg per night till one day before surgery,while the placebo was administrated in the control group.The incidence of delirium 3 days after surgery and the STAI-S scores of one day before surgery were evaluated.The HR and MAP at entry,30 minutes after an-esthesia induction,1 hour,2 hours after anesthesia induction,and 30 minutes after extubation were recor-ded.The total dose of propofol,remifentanil and dexmedetomidine and the using rate of metaraminol were recorded.The visual analog scale scores 30 minutes after extubation,24 and 72 hours after surgery,the u-sing rate of tramadol,and the extubation time were recorded.Results Compared with the control group,the STAI-S scores of one day before surgery,and the incidence of postoperative delirium,the rate of using metaraminol,the VAS scores 30 minutes after extubation and 24 hours after surgery,the rate using of tram-adol were significantly decreased in the midazolam group(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in total dose of propofol,remifentanil,and dexmedetomidine,extubation time between the two groups.Conclusion Preoperative oral midazolam can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with preoperative moderate-severe anxiety undergoing radical resection of colorectal cancer.

Tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC)is a rare genetic disease that can lead to benign dysplasia in multiple organs such as the skin, brain, eyes, oral cavity, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and bones. Its main symptoms include epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, skin depigmentation, and facial angiofibromas, whilst incidence is approximately 1 in 10 000 to 1 in 6000 newborns. This case presents a middle-aged woman who initially manifested with epilepsy and nodular depigmentation. Later, she developed a lower abdominal mass, elevated creatinine, and severe anemia. Based on clinical features and whole exome sequencing, the primary diagnosis was confirmed as TSC. Laboratory and imaging examinations revealed that the lower abdominal mass originated from the uterus. CT-guided biopsy pathology and surgical pathology suggested a combination of leiomyoma and abscess. With the involvement of multiple organs and various complications beyond the main diagnosis, the diagnostic and therapeutic process for this patient highlights the importance of rigorous clinical thinking and multidisciplinary collaboration in the diagnosis and treatment of rare and challenging diseases.