Objective To evaluate the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent autophagic signaling pathway in ketamine-induced reduction of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) in rats.Methods Sixty male Wistar rats,aged 3 months,weighing 200-250 g,were equally randomized into 5 groups using a random number table:control group (C group),normal saline group (NS group),ketamine group (K group),ketamine + Compound C group (KC group),and ketamine + 3-methyladenine (3-MA) group (KM group).DNP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ)65 mg/kg in anesthetized rats.Four weeks later,the equal volume of normal saline,ketamine 10 mg/kg,ketamine 10 mg/kg + Compound C1 mg/kg,and ketamine + 3-MA 2 μl were injected intraperitoneally once a day for 7 consecutive days in NS,K,KC and KM groups,respectively.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured on 8th day.The rats were then sacrificed,and the lunbar segment (L1-5) of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of AMPKαt,Beclin-1,microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC) 3B (by Western blot) and dendritic spine density in the dorsal root ganglia.Results Compared with group C,the MWT,expression of AMPKα,Beclin-1,and LC3B,and dendritic spine density were significantly decreased in group NS (P＜0.05).Compared with group NS,the MWT,expression of AMPKαt,Beclin-1,and LC3B,and dendritic spine density were significantly increased in group K (P＜0.05).Compared with group K,the MWT,expression of AMPKα,Beclin-1,and LC3B,and dendritic spine density were significantly decreased in KC and KM groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Activation of AMPK-dependent autophagic pathway is involved in ketamine-induced reduction of DNP in rats.

Objective To analyze the feature of victims transported from Nepal Pokhara's earthquake,and summarized the rescuing experiences got by the Chinese government medical team.Methods A total of 374 casualties from the 2015 Nepal's earthquake magnitude 8.1 transported to the Field Hospital of the Chinese government medical team were classified into four groups according to different causes of injury,and then retrospectively analyzed the types of injury,vital signs,severity of injury and causes of injury.Results Of 374 casualties,the average age was (30.1 ± 12.4) years,and were divided into group A (n =154) in which casualties trapped under ruined buildings,group B (n =123) in which the victims had crushed injury during escaping with their lives,group C (n =58) in which the wounded had injury resulted from fall on the ground during fleeing for their lives and group D (n =39) in which the injury of casualties was caused by fall from high level.Of them,273 patients (296 parts of body injured) suffered from fracture including 34 patients with severe multiple trauma.The average age in the group D (22.3 ±7.4 years old) was significant younger compared with the others (all P ＜ 0.05).The average age in the group C (48.4 ± 13.3 years old) was significant older compared to the others (all P ＜ 0.05).The injury probability was higher for male in the group D (14.2％ vs.7.1％,x2 =5.077,P =0.024) and the injury probability was higher for female in the group C (19.7％ vs 10.8％,x2 =5.635,P =0.018).The incidence of limbs fracture was highest (66.6％) in all 296 parts of body injured.The incidence of skull fracture in the group B (31.6％) was higher compared to the others (all P＜0.05),and the incidence of spinal fracture in the group D (40.0％) was higher compared to the others (all P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the severe multiple trauma incidence between the group A and the group D (16.9％ vs.12.8％,x2 =0.381,P =0.537),but both group A and group D had significant higher incidence of severe multiple trauma compared to the rest two groups (all P ＜ 0.05).The wound debridement was the leading rate of treatment among variety of treatments (57.5％) and the plaster fixation was the second high rate of treatment (30.9％),and the wound infection was found in 25 patients (17.4％) at the first dressing among 144 patients with soft tissue laceration.After active and regular debridement,72％ patients' wound smear tests were negative 3 days later,and 100％ were negative 7 days later.Conclusions The casualties treated by Chinese government medical team had relatively young average age,not very severe critical illness,and quite high rate of wound infection.The treatment of all kinds of fractures and open wound was a matter of critical importance.Although facing the challenge of incomplete set of medical equipment,the lacking of medicine and many other unexpected problems,the Chinese government medical team successfully fulfilled the mission with the prior experience accumulated from several domestic earthquake disaster rescue actions.

72 cases of treatments on insomnia were recorded in the medical books of Ming and Qing dynasties(A.D.1368～1911 years).The compatibility regularity of treating insomnia in these 72 cases were statistically analyzed with frequency and the R type cluster analysis methods. Combining the data and modern recognition, compatibility and medication regularity of treating insomnia was further analyzed.

Carotid Body Tumor ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans

Objective To study the subacute inhalation toxicity of Ivermectin TC, and obtain its non-observed adverse effect level(NOAEL).Methods It was performed on the doses of Ivermectin TC 190, 380, 750 mg/m3, the solvent control group (0.03%Tween-80 solution) , the control group and additional group ( there were 6 female and 6 male Sprague-Dawley rats for each group) .The animals inhaled with nose-only exposure for 4 weeks (4 h/d, 5 d/week) .The additional group should be observed another 14 days after exposing.At the end of experiment, the rats were killed, the routine and biochemical detection, the body weight and organ to body weight ratios were all measured.Results In the high exposure group, clinical signs of rats included hair fluffy, dull, salivation, tremors were recorded at the exposure period;in female rats, feed efficiency was decreased, ALT and liver to body weight ratio were increased; in male rats, BUN and ALT were increased, CHOL and body weight for the 4th week were decreased.Histopathological examinations revealed that swelling in the liver cell was seen in some female rats at high exposure group.Conclusion The results suggested that the NOAEL of Ivermectin TC in SD rats was 380 mg/m3(4 h/d for 28 days).

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Selenomethionine ; pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Objective To develop a TaqMan fluorogenic probe based amplification refractory mutation system (TaqMan-ARMS) for the detection of the C BS gene G919A and T833C mutations,and to investigate whether the mutations are associated with diabetic nephropathy in Chinese population. Methods According to the principle of amplification refractory mutation system,the cycle threshold (Ct) of wild (Wct) and mutation (Mct) allele-specific primers between the two PCR reactions in real-time PCR were monitored and genotype detection criteria were established based on the threshold ratio Act (?ct= Wct/ Mct) or an appearance of exponential amplification.With this technique,the G919A and T833C mutations in the CBS gene were analyzed in 94 patients with diabetic nephropathy and 140 control subjects. Results The detection criteria of TaqMan-ARMS assay for T833 allele were ?ct40,for T833C allele 0.940,respectively.The criteria for G919 allele were ?ct40,for G919A allele 0.9240,respectively.The T833C rates of TT,TC and CC genotypes were 98.94%, 1.06% and 0 in the patients and 99.29%,0.71% and 0 in the controls.The 833C allele frequencies were 0.53% in the patients and 0.36% in the controls.No significant differences in both genotypes and allele of T833C mutation were observed between the two groups.The G919A point mutation was not observed in all subjects.Conclusions A TaqMan-ARMS assay for the detection of the CBS gene GA919A and T833C mutations has been developed.The assay is accurate and sensitive,and is suitable for high-throughput detection of the point mutations.The G919A and T833C point mutations of CBS gene may not be related to diabetic nephropathy in Chinese.

Objective To obtain DNA oligonucleotide aptamers which can specifically bind to MPT64 protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by SELEX(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment)technology. Methods A random ssDNA library with in vitro synthesized 78 nucleotides in length was subiected to 12 rounds of selection by SELEX method against MPT64 protein. The binding ability of the aptamers to the protein was examined by biotin-streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase system. Results The selective system used was as follows:in PCR amplification,annealing temperature was 65℃ and the concentration of Mg2+ was 1.5 mmol/L in optimizing library, and when preparation of ssDNA with asymmetrical PCR amplification, 0.75 mmol/L of Mg2+ was used. When using the plate for ELISA as the substrate for the selection, the pattern of electrophoretic band of PCR product after the tenth round selection became unitary and denser than that of the first round. The binding assay demonstrated that A value at 450 nm of the tenth round increased by 9.18 times as compared with that of the first round. The results showed that the affinities of the aptamers were different. The highest A value at 450 nm was 1.606, and the lowest 0.572. Conclusion A set of aptamers with considerable binding affinity to MPT64 protein are successfully picked out from the initial random DNA library.

Objective To evaluate systematically whether administration of hypertonic saline transfusion affects clinical outcomes with compared to standard fluid in the early stage of resuscitation for traumatic shock patients.Methods Seven English and Chinese routine biology and medicine databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from January 2002 to August 2012,and established inclusion and exclusion criteria to evaluate these RCTs.The quality assessment was based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 and Jadad' s score scale.RevMan 5.0 statistical software was used for meta-analysis.Results After evaluated 211 related literatures,five RCTs met all the inclusion criteria and were enrolled for meta-analysis.The meta-a nalysis demonstrated that early hypertonic transfusion did not decrease short-term (first 48 hours after admission) mortality (RR =1.04,P =0.74); nor did it decrease later-term (7day to 3month after injury) mortality (RR =0.97,P =0.72).It also did not decrease the total volume of fluid and blood transfusion required during the first day (P =0.38).Similarly,it did not affect the incidents of infections (RR =1.04,P =0.70),the length of stay in ICU (P =0.2) and total length of stay in the hospital.Conclusions Compared to standard fluid,there was no advantage on mortality and hospital infection by using hypertonic supplement transfusion in the early stage of resuscitation for traumatic shock patients.Hypertonic transfusion did not have any significant effect on the volume of total fluid and blood transfusion required the first day,and no trend of reduction for the length of ICU and hospital stay.Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of hypertonic transfusion to traumatic shock patients while in ICU.

Objective To explore the feasibility of "immersion program" in French-taught surgical lessons,as to provide multiple educational methods and practical experiences for the application of bilingual education in clinical medicine.Methods Twenty-nine senior students of French-taught class were randomly divided into group A(n=15) and group B(n=14)."Immersion program" and "transitional bilingual education" were employed for group A and group B,respectively for the first half of teaching session,and "transitional bilingual education" and "immersion program" for the second half,respectively.The differences between the two bilingual education models were compared through quiz.Results In the prior 2 of the 4 quiz,the scores of French quiz and the total scores were much higher in "immersion program" group,and there were significant differences between the two groups(P0.05). Conclusion "Immersion program" helps to improve the ability of presentation,comprehension and application of French in the precondition of equal educational content,and it will be more beneficial when accessing the "immersion program" on the basis of "transitional bilingual education".