OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the incidence of encephalopathy among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

METHODS

This was a retrospective observational study conducted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City, Philippines. This study is a complete enumeration of all records of adult patients admitted for COVID-19 detected through polymerase chain reaction from March 1, 2020 to September 30, 2021. The cases were then classified as to the presence or absence of encephalopathy.

RESULTS

The study determined that 6 in every 1000 admitted COVID-19 patients developed encephalopathy. The clinico-demographic profile of patients with encephalopathy were mostly elderly with a mean age of 67, males (55.7%), and obese stage I (61.1%). Encephalopathy was more likely to develop in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (80.1%) and coronary artery disease (40.0%). Most patients who did not have encephalopathy however had a history of CVD. Most patients (66.7%) who developed encephalopathy were dyspneic on presentation. Laboratory examination results showed an increase in fasting blood sugar and elevated levels of LDH, CRP, serum ferritin, procalcitonin, and D-dimer. Majority of patients (66.7%) with encephalopathy were intubated. Taking into consideration the stage of infection and the incidence of encephalopathy, most patients (66.6%) were in the hyperinflammatory stage. The number of hospitalization days and severity of illness did not have any association with developing encephalopathy. Dichotomous categorization of outcomes into deceased and discharged showed that clinical outcomes and the development of encephalopathy were significantly associated, with 66.7% of patients with encephalopathy expiring during their course of hospitalization.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of encephalopathy among admitted COVID-19 patients was 6 in every 1000 patients. Encephalopathy was more common in elderly males who were obese with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. The most common presentation of patients who developed encephalopathy was dyspnea. Collated laboratory results showed an increase in fasting blood sugar and elevated levels of LDH, CRP, serum ferritin, procalcitonin, and D-dimer. Majority of patients with encephalopathy were intubated and were in the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 infection. Dichotomous categorization of outcomes into deceased and discharged showed that clinical outcomes and the development of encephalopathy were significantly associated, with most patients with encephalopathy expiring during their course of hospitalization.

Covid-19 ; Brain Diseases ; Brain ; Sars-cov-2

Objective To study the risk factors of hyperthyroid heart diseases(HHD) by analyzing clinical features of patients in order to provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment of HHD. Methods Nine hundred and eighty two cases were selected as objective from in-patient data of Thyroid Disease Treatment Centre of Shandong Province. The cases were divided into hyperthyroidism group and HHD group. The variables of etiology,sex, age, duration of disease, TSH, FT3, FT4 and TRAb were analyzed by comparative analysis. The risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression. Results The prevalence of hyperthyroidism complicated hyperthyroid heart disease was 7.7%(76/982), age, duration of diseases, FT3, TRAb in the HHD group were [(51.4 ± 11.5), (6.3 ±2.1) years, 21.6 pmol/L, 71.6 U/L], in hyperthyroidism group were [(37.9 ± 9.8), (2.6 ± 1.3) years, 14.9pmol/L, 49.6 U/L]. The differences were statistically significant(u = 9.93,15.23, T = 44954,48792.5, P ＜ 0.05)between the two groups. The factors of the older, higher FT3 and TRAb, longer duration, Graves disease (OR =1.751,1.470,1.483,1.445,1.234) increased the risk of HHD. Conclusions Graves disease, longer duration, old age, higher FT3 and TRAb are the risk factors of HHD. Timely prevention and control of risk factors is necessary to reduce the incidence of HHD.

Introduction: Hypoglycemia is a burdensome complication in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM), and has been noted to be increasing. This study evaluated the occurrence of hypoglycemia and identified its risk factors among diabetic Filipino patients. Methods: Census of Filipino non-pregnant adults with type 2 DM of Chong Hua Hospital, admitted and discharged from January 2015 to June 2015 was taken. This study determined the incidence rate of hypoglycemia (capillary blood glucose <70 mg/dL), its severity, patients’ dietary status, medication, and the common hospital areas where hypoglycemia occurred. The clinical profiles of these patients were analyzed and associated risk factors of hypoglycemia were identified. Also, the incidence of congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and allcause mortality among patients with hypoglycemia were determined. Results: Among 1,676 subjects, 8.9% had hypoglycemia predominantly non-severe type (blood glucose 51-69 mg/dL). The identified risk factors for the development of hypoglycemia were the following, age >65 years old (52.7% vs 36.2%, p<0.001), diabetes duration of 8.56 years (± 10.34 years), the presence of cardiovascular disease (62.7% vs 48.6%, p<0.001), congestive heart failure (8.7% vs 4.4%, p=0.009) and stage III, IV, V kidney disease (32.7% vs 25.1%, p=0.043, 12% vs 5.5%, p=0.002, 12% vs 4.1%, p<0.001, respectively), and the use of insulin whether combined with oral therapy (25.3% vs 16.5%, p<0.006) or used alone (34.7% vs 12.1%, p<0.001). Hypoglycemia occurred more frequently in the non-ICU ward (82.7%). Only one patient developed non-fatal myocardial infarction, one had nonfatal cerebrovascular disease and one had congestive heart failure. All-cause mortality rate was 4.7% Conclusion The notable incidence of in-hospital hypoglycemia of 8.9% among diabetic patients should be addressed to decrease the associated morbidity and mortality.
Hypoglycemia ; Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence of encephalopathy among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City, Philippines. This study is a complete enumeration of all records of adult patients admitted for COVID-19 detected through polymerase chain reaction from March 1, 2020 to September 30, 2021. The cases were then classified as to the presence or absence of encephalopathy. Results: The study determined that 6 in every 1000 admitted COVID-19 patients developed encephalopathy. The clinico-demographic profile of patients with encephalopathy were mostly elderly with a mean age of 67, males (55.7%), and obese stage I (61.1%). Encephalopathy was more likely to develop in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (80.1%) and coronary artery disease (40.0%). Most patients who did not have encephalopathy however had a history of CVD. Most patients (66.7%) who developed encephalopathy were dyspneic on presentation. Laboratory examination results showed an increase in fasting blood sugar and elevated levels of LDH, CRP, serum ferritin, procalcitonin, and D-dimer. Majority of patients (66.7%) with encephalopathy were intubated. Taking into consideration the stage of infection and the incidence of encephalopathy, most patients (66.6%) were in the hyperinflammatory stage. The number of hospitalization days and severity of illness did not have any association with developing encephalopathy. Dichotomous categorization of outcomes into deceased and discharged showed that clinical outcomes and the development of encephalopathy were significantly associated, with 66.7% of patients with encephalopathy expiring during their course of hospitalization. Conclusion The incidence of encephalopathy among admitted COVID-19 patients was 6 in every 1000 patients. Encephalopathy was more common in elderly males who were obese with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. The most common presentation of patients who developed encephalopathy was dyspnea. Collated laboratory results showed an increase in fasting blood sugar and elevated levels of LDH, CRP, serum ferritin, procalcitonin, and D-dimer. Majority of patients with encephalopathy were intubated and were in the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 infection. Dichotomous categorization of outcomes into deceased and discharged showed that clinical outcomes and the development of encephalopathy were significantly associated, with most patients with encephalopathy expiring during their course of hospitalization.
COVID-19 ; BRAIN DISEASES ; BRAIN ; SARS-COV-2

Background: Among the multiple scoring systems for hemorrhagic transformation, only few of these address spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation after an ischemic stroke, with most done with Western population data. Objectives: This study aims to identify the predictors for hemorrhagic transformation among patients with ischemic stroke admitted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City, Philippines. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with ischemic stroke admitted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City. Patients’ baseline characteristics, clinical, and radiologic data were collected. Chi square test and t-test were used to determine which variables were significantly different between patients with and without hemorrhagic transformation. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined to measure the association between the different variables and hemorrhagic transformation. Results: A total of 500 ischemic stroke patients were included in the study. There were 28 (6%) ischemic stroke patients with Hemorrhagic Transformation. The mean age of these patients is 66.93 ± 12.42 years, 48.8% male, 10.8% had atrial fibrillation, and 2.4% had myocardial infarction. Controlling for the effect of confounders, white blood cell count (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19), myocardial infarction (OR 5.25; 95% CI 1.13-24.34), and presence of brain edema (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.05-7.80) were significant predictors of hemorrhagic transformation. Conclusion White blood cell count, presence of brain edema, and myocardial infarction were significantly associated with hemorrhagic transformation among ischemic stroke patients.
Ischemic Stroke ; Philippines

Background: The effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) patterns and clinical biomarkers among patients with AF-related stroke is still controversial. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the association of the pattern of AF and markers on routine blood tests with the outcome of patients after an AF-related stroke. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with stroke and AF admitted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City from 2015-2022. Patients’ baseline characteristics, laboratory tests, ECG, and radiologic data were collected. Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency were computed. The Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test were used to calculate the incidence time. The Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with survival. A stepwise regression technique was used in model building. Results: The mortality rate of patients with AF-related stroke was 0.02. A Kaplan Meier survival estimate shows that patients with paroxysmal AF have better survival. Upon model building of variables, age, red cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet count, low density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C), and pattern of AF were predictive of mortality in patients with AF-related stroke. Conclusions Among AF-related stroke patients admitted at a tertiary hospital in Cebu City, pattern of AF, age, RDW, NLR, platelet count, and LDL-C were associated with mortality. The parameters associated with increased mortality could be easily assessed using an ECG, CBC, and lipid profile. These are all readily available and cost-efficient.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Prognosis ; Stroke

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the correlation between admitting hyperglycemia and hospital outcome, on the length of hospital stay and mortality on patients who underwent PCI. Methodology: A single center, retrospective observational study involving patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They were divided in four (4) groups according to presence of admission hyperglycemia (capillary blood glucose >140mg/dl) and presence of diabetes: Group 1 (patients with diabetes with admission hyperglycemia), Group 2 (patients without diabetes with admission hyperglycemia), Group 3 (patients with diabetes without admission hyperglycemia), and Group 4 (patients without diabetes without admission hyperglycemia). Length of hospital stay and mortality outcome were compared between four groups and in-hospital mortality related risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. Results: 133 patients were included in the analysis, of which 50% have admission hyperglycemia. The length of hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with admission hyperglycemia (12 vs 9 vs 7 vs 7 days, p= 0.006). The mortality rate between 4 groups were non-significant (14% vs 10% vs 9% vs 11%, p=0.272). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the following were associated with increased mortality in patients who underwent PCI: age (odds ratio [OR] 1.1265, 95%CI 1.0497 – 1.2090, p=0.001), capillary blood glucose on admission (OR 1.0077, 95% CI 1.0015 – 1.0140, p= 0.015), presence of ST elevation on ECG (OR 16.5671, 95% CI 3.4161 – 80.344, p=<0.001). Conclusion An elevated admission capillary blood glucose, regardless of presence or absence of diabetes, was associated with longer length of hospital stay; however, it was not predictive of in-hospital mortality. Interestingly, patients with admitting hyperglycemia had earlier mortality.
Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVETo summarize experience of using screws and cement to rebuild tibial bone defect in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to discuss the relationship between the number of required screws and the severity of tibial bone defects.

METHODSFrom July 2009 to May 2015, 34 patients (40 knees) with varus knees underwent TKA, and the screw and cement technique was used to rebuild medial tibia plateau during operation. There were 8 males (8 knees) and 26 females (32 knees), and the average age was (65.00 +/- 7.25) years old (ranged,55 to 82 years old). One to 6 screws were used in each case. Extension stems were used in 2 cases (4 and 5 screws was used respectively). The area percentages of the bone defects measured as defect area/tibia plateau area, depth of each defect, the number of screws needed in each case, were all used to determine the relationship between the number of screws and the area percentage in certain depth of bone defect by statistic methods, as well as the relationship between screw number and defect depth.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up and the average duration was 24 months (ranged, 1 to 72 months). The average preoperative HSS score was 43.33 +/- 6.11 (ranged, 32 to 51 scores). Whereas the average postoperative HSS score was 92.15 +/- 4.64 (ranged,83 to 96 scores). The preoperative individual scores including pain, function, activity, nuscle strength, flexion deformity and stability were all improved compared with preoperation,and the differences were statistically significant. All the patients received normal alignment postoperatively, femoraltibial angle was improved from (167.00 +/- 6.39) degrees preoperatively to (175.00 +/- 2.69) degrees postoperatively, the tibial angle was improved from (78.09 +/- 4.51) degrees preoperatively to (88.75 +/- 1.24) degrees postoperatively. Both area percentage and depth of bone defect in a fitting Ologistic model had a significant statistical relationship with the screw number, and a rectangular coordinate system could be formed according to the relationship.

CONCLUSIONScrews and cement technique is a simple, safe and convenient method to rebuild tibial bone defects in primary TKA and its short-term and midterm effect are both reliable. During opera- tion, according to the rectangular coordinate system, the screw number needed in the operation can be inferred form th area and depth of tibia defect, which could have a guiding function in surgery.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; instrumentation ; methods ; Bone Screws ; utilization ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Knee Injuries ; surgery ; Knee Joint ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibia ; surgery

OBJECTIVEMalignant transformation of epithelial cell frequently coincides with loss of E-cadherin. Here we study the expression of Snail and E-cadherin and correlate their expression with cell differentiation and in vitro invasion.

METHODSThe expression and localization of Snail and E-cadherin were studied by Northern blot and laser confocal microscopy in two normal cell lines (MDCK, NIH 3T3) and six carcinoma cell lines (A431, MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, HepG2, MDA-MB-435s, MDA-MB-231). Boyden chamber assay was done to detect the invasive ability of cells in vitro.

RESULTSSnail mRNA and protein were detected in fibroblasts NIH 3T3 and poorly differentiated carcinoma cell lines HepG2, MDA-MB-435s and MDA-MB-231. On the contrary, E-cadherin mRNA and protein were detected in normal epithelial cell line MDCK and well differentiated carcinoma cell lines A431 and MDA-MB-453. In MCF-7 cells, Snail and E-cadherin expressions were revealed both at mRNA and protein levels. The cells with higher expression of Snail had stronger ability of invasion than those with lower expression of Snail.

CONCLUSIONThere is an inverse correlation between Snail and E-cadherin expressions and their expressions are correlated with cell differentiation and tumor invasiveness.

3T3 Cells ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cadherins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; metabolism ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Snail Family Transcription Factors ; Transcription Factors ; biosynthesis ; genetics

Objective To investigate the iodine nutrition status of the target population living in the areas with low coverage rate of iodized salt and to provide a basis to prevent and control iodine deficiency. Methods The investigation was carried out in the areas with coverage rate of iodized salt lower than 80%, including 7 counties (city, district). Three townships(sub-district office) were sampled in each county and two elementary schools in each township(sub-district office). Urinary iodine level was measured for 40 children aged from 8 to 10 years old in each elementary school. Drinking water iodine was collected and determined in their living villages. Twenty salt samples were tested for iodine in salt from 20 house which had fertile women, and urine iodine of 10 fertile women were tested in each village. Results Sixty-two water samples were determined and the water iodine was ranged from 5.8 to 272.7 μg/L, of which 3 water samples were equal and more than 150 μg/L. Eight hundred and seventy-two salt samples were collected. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 70.74%(585/827) and the coverage rates were below than 80% in 5 counties (city, district). A total of 1660 children' urine samples were collected, the content of urine iodine ranged from 10.0 to 1088.0 μg/L and the urine iodine median was 173.7 μg/L. Four hundred and thirty-seven urine samples were collected from the fertile women and the urine iodine median was 179.1 μg/L. The iodine level of children and women was the highest in Dongguang County(251.8,273.8 μg/L) while that of Hejian County (130.8,118.7 μg/L) was the lowest. Conclusions Although the iodine nutrition of children and fertile women is appropriate in areas with low coverage rate of iodized salt, we presume from the results that the possibility of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women exists in Hejian and Anping.