The congenital stricture (idiopathic urethral stricture) mostly lies in the anterior urethra and mainly occurs in boys. Hemangioma is the most common symptom of the idiopathic urethral stricture. Acquired strictures are due to four main causes. latrogenic urethral stricture is mainly caused by performing the transurethral resection, prostate, cystoscopy, prolonged catheterization, hypospadias repair and prostatectomy and so on. Bacteriuria is especially nosocomial with post operative infection in urethral strictures. Virus such as condylomata is another cause. Lichen sclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory condition of unknown cause and has the development of urethral strictures. Blunt anterior urethral injury is commonly associated with perineal straddle injury, while posterior urethral injury is accompanied pelvic fracture, penetrating injuries predominantly comes from gunshots involve both anterior and posterior urethra. Urethral injuries in children and females are rare. Here, we mainly investigated the causes of idiopathic and acquired urethral stricture.

Objective To investigate the changes in acetylation of histone in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of persistent postoperative pain.Methods Ninety-six malc Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,aged 6-8 weeks,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=48 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S) and persistent postoperative pain group (group PPP).The rat model of persistent postoperative pain evoked by skin/muscle incision and retraction was established according to the method described by Flatters.After the rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal chloral hydrate,the skin and superficial muscle of the medial thigh were incised and retractors inserted.This tissue was retracted for 1 h.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured at 1 day before operation and 1,3,7,14,and 21 days after operation.Four animals were sacrificed in each group after measurement of MWT at each time point for detection of acetylated histone H3 (Ac-H3) and acetylated histone H4 (Ac-H4) expression (by Western blot analysis) and the number of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 positive cells in the spinal cord horn (by immunofluorescence histochemistry).Results Compared with group S,the MWT was significantly decreased at 3,7,14 and 21 days after operation,the expression of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4b was significantly down-regulated at 3,7 and 14 days after operation,and the number of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 positive cells was significantly decreased at 7,14 and 21 days after operation in group PPP (P＜0.05 or 0.01).The MWT,expression of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4b,and the number of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 positive cells were significantly higher at 21 days after operation than at 14 days after operation in group PPP (P＜0.05).Conclusion Acetylation of histone in the spinal dorsal horn is decreased after operation,which may be involved in the development and maintenance of persistent postoperative pain in rats.

Objective To verify the dose delivery accuracy of volumetric-modulated arc therapy plan by log-file analysis of linear accelerator that can be created when a dynamic delivery occurs.Methods Accelerator log file in binary format recorded the accelerator execution plan for each control point corresponding to the gantry angle,multi-leaf collimator leave position,cumulative machine monitor units ( MU).These information were read from the accelerator log file with Matlab7.1,then the original control points in the plan file replaced the corresponding information for the log,which generated a new plan.New plan was exported into the planning system to reculculate the dose.The volume dose histogram (DVH) and dose distribution was contrasted to determine the accuracy of the accelerator plan of implementation between two plans.Results Compared with the original plan,antry angle difference over ± 1° accounted for about 35％ of the entire arc of control points in 4 of 12 arcs and the percentage of the leave error of ±0.5 mm was about 95％.MU error of a single control point was larger,but the cumulative MU for each are was small which was located between-0.09％ to 0.11％ in the selected 12 arcs.Between the targets,the maximum dose,minimum dose,the mean dose differences were from-0.07％ to 0.42％,-0.38％ to 0.40％,0.03％ to 0.08％,respectively.The maximum dose and mean dose differences of organs at risks were located from-1.16％ to 2.51％,-1.21％ to 3.12％,respectively.Conclusions Accelerator log-file analysis to verify the VMAT plan nan be supplyed to the experimental method supplement.

As an important factor ensuring the indoor thermal comfort,air relative humidity may influence the indoor air quality.Based on the impact of air humidity on acceptable indoor air quality percentage,this paper presented the impact of air humidity on chemical pollutants (formaldehyde and ozone) and biologic contaminations.The research results showed that appropriate increase of relative humidity can decrease ozone concentration in the room,contrarily,can increase formaldehyde concentration.Therefore,in the room temperature,regulating air relative humidity in an appropriate level can improve the indoor air quality and decrease the harm of pollutants to human health.

Objective: To study the solubilization of sulfonated butyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) for voriconazole (VCZ) to lay basis for the preparation of inclusion compounds of VCZ.Methods: The phase-solubility method was used, and the solubilization of SBE-β-CD and HP-β-CD at different concentrations for VCZ was studied at various temperatures and the inclusion constant (K) and such inclusion parameters as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were calculated.Results: Both SBE-β-CD and HP-β-CD could improve the solubility of VCZ in water, while the solubilization of SBE-β-CD was more significant than that of HP-β-CD at the same concentration under the same temperature.The equilibrium phase-solubility diagram of SBE-β-CD vs VCZ was AN type, and that of HP-β-CD vs VCZ was AL type.With the increase of temperature, K of both β-CD decreased.ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were all negative for the inclusion process.Conclusion: Compared with that of HP-β-CD, the solubilization of SBE-β-CD for VCZ is better.The inclusion is spontaneously formed with exothermic process, and the main acting force is Van der Waals'' force.

Objective To investigate the effects of ghrelin on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC)and the expression of mitochondrial fusion 2(Mfn-2)in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells(HASMCs).Methods HASMCs were cultured in vitro,treated with different concentrations(10-9,10-8,10-7,10-6,10-5 mol/L)ghrelin or 10-6 mol/L ghrelin for different time(0,6,12,18,24 h).Subconfluent HASMCs at passage 4-6 were used in experiments.MTT essay was used to investigate the effect on proliferation of HASMCs.RT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyse the expression of Mfn-2.Results 10-7-10-5 mol/L ghrelin inhibited the proliferation of HASMCs,and the inhibitory effect of concentration of 10-6 mol/L was the most obvious(P<0.01).Ghrelin inhibited the proliferation of HASMCs in 6-24 h,and it reached the peak at 24 h(P<0.01).10-6 mol/L ghrelin significantly increased the expression of Mfn-2 mRNA and protein(P<0.01).The up-regulation of 10-6 mol/L ghrelin on Mfn-2 mRNA and protein expression reached the peak at 18 h(P<0.01).Conclusion Ghrelin might inhibit the proliferation of HASMC by up-regulating the expression of Mfn-2.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA) and to examine the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors among Chinese Han students, so as to provide bases for the prevention and treatment of reduced visual acuity.Methods: Subjects were from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH).In this survey, 261 832 Han students aged 7-22 years participated.Unaided distance VA was measured using a retro-illuminated lgMAR chart with tumbling-E optotypes.Ametropia was determined by using serial bronchoscopy.Logistic regression was used to assess the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors.ArcMap 10 was used to map the regional distribution of reduced visual acuity.Results: Nationwide, the overall prevalence of reduced visual acuity was 66.6%, and was highest among the urban girls (73.5%).The prevalence of myopia was 60.8% and accounted for more than 90% among the students with reduced visual acuity.Compared with 2010 CNSSCH, the increments of reduced visual acuity were highest in the students aged 13-15 years (6.8 percentage points).The prevalence of reduced visual acuity ranged from 50.6% to 76.2% in each province (autonomous region, municipality) in 2014 CNSSCH.The top three of the prevalence of reduced visual acuity were Jiangsu (76.2%), Zhejiang (76.0%) and Shandong (75.9%), and the lowest three were Hainan (50.6%), Guizhou (53.9%) and Xinjiang (57.6%).Logistic regression showed that the girls, urban students, and students who spent ≥2 h per day in their after school homework were more likely to develop reduced visual acuity, but the students with physical activity time ≥2 h per day were less likely to develop reduced visual acuity.Conclusion: Although the situation was different in each province (autonomous region, municipality), reduced visual acuity has become a public concern affecting the health of students in China.Based on the intervention on the key populations, such as urban girls and pre adolescent students, we should also continue to strengthen the prevention and control for reduced visual acuity among all students.

Objective This study was conducted to describe job stressors of nurses employed in military hospitals and relationship between job stressors and demography characters.Method 296 employed nurses were investigated by nurse job stressor questionnaires.Result Professional and career issues were the most frequently encountered job stressor among employed nurses,the other stressors in descending order were workload and time pressure,patient care and interaction,resource and environmental problems,management issues.Job stressors of nurses could be influenced by their age,job title,et al.Conclusion The finding suggest that effective stress management strategies should be relieve job stress.

According to the results of quantum chemistry calculation and the present research status in the relationship between the structures and the functions of DT, the E154 in DT catalyzing domain was mutated to aspartic acid and arginine in order to study the effects of the alteration on the biological activities. By means of gene site-direct mutation, two mutated genes were prepared and the high performance expression was obtained in E.coli system. The results of toxcity studies indicated that the acute toxicity in guinea pig and cytotoxicities of mutant E154D increased slightly in compared with those of recombination wild toxin, and contrarily, those of E154R decreased obviously.

Objective To explore the cause of acute myocardial ischemia early after coronary artery bapass graft (CABG) and surgical management on it. Methods From 2001 to 2009, 28 patients underwent urgent reoperation early after CABG due to acute myocardial ischemia. The incidence of reoperation is about 0.02%. The cause of reoperation inclouded early graft occlusion (10 cases) ,IMA damage or injury during harvesting(9 cases), inexactitude distal anastomosis(2 cases)and radial artery spasm(4 cases). The mean interval time between two operations was 8 hours. Reoperation was done under offpump bypass in 2 patients and on-bypass used in other patients. Unsatisfactoey graft were substituted with new graft material and thrombotic was removed. If LIMA was the reson for myocardial ischemia, an additional vein graft was inserted. The spasm radial artery were substituted with new vein graft. Completely revascularization was used in re-do CABG. Results Two patients died during reoperation. 8 patients was died between 1 day and 14 days after reoperation. IABP was used in 16 patients,which 2 patients received ECMO suppord and 2 patient received LVAD suppord at mean time. Conclusion There have very high mortality in acute myocardial ischemia early after CABG. The early diagnosis and correct surgical management can improve the rates of survival. The active prevent should be emphasized during the first CABG.