Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the levels of sedentary time, physical activity, and obesity in Korean older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 1,396 Korean older adults aged 65 to 80 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018. Complex samples logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between the levels of sedentary time, physical activity, and obesity. Results: The high sedentary group (≥ 8 hours/day) had significantly greater odds of having obesity than the low sedentary group (＜ 8 hours/day). But there was no statistically significant difference in odds of having obesity between the high active group (≥ 600 metabolic equivalent of task [MET]-minute/week) and the low active group (＜ 600 MET-minute/week). The high sedentary/low active group had significantly greater odds of having obesity than the low sedentary/high active group and the low sedentary/low active group. But there was no statistically significant difference in odds of having obesity compared to the high sedentary/high active group. Conclusion Higher sedentary time (≥ 8 hours/day) was associated with a higher risk of having obesity, independent of meeting higher physical activity level (≥ 600 MET-minute/week) in Korean older adults.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the levels of sedentary time, physical activity, and obesity in Korean older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 1,396 Korean older adults aged 65 to 80 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018. Complex samples logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between the levels of sedentary time, physical activity, and obesity. Results: The high sedentary group (≥ 8 hours/day) had significantly greater odds of having obesity than the low sedentary group (＜ 8 hours/day). But there was no statistically significant difference in odds of having obesity between the high active group (≥ 600 metabolic equivalent of task [MET]-minute/week) and the low active group (＜ 600 MET-minute/week). The high sedentary/low active group had significantly greater odds of having obesity than the low sedentary/high active group and the low sedentary/low active group. But there was no statistically significant difference in odds of having obesity compared to the high sedentary/high active group. Conclusion Higher sedentary time (≥ 8 hours/day) was associated with a higher risk of having obesity, independent of meeting higher physical activity level (≥ 600 MET-minute/week) in Korean older adults.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the association between resistance exercise frequency, aerobic physical activity level, and health-related quality of life in Korean older adults from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2018. Methods: Complex samples logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between resistance exercise frequency, aerobic physical activity level, and health-related quality of life in Korean older adults. Odds ratio, covariate-adjusted odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval were calculated for the relationship. Covariates were age, sex, educational status, alcohol drinking, smoking, household income status, and body mass index. Results: In all variables related to resistance exercise frequency and aerobic physical activity level, the group performing below the recommended level was significantly higher in odds ratio and covariate-adjusted odds ratio on EuroQol-5 Dimension index score of less than 1 (having problems with health-related quality of life) than the group performing above the recommended level. Conclusion The results of this study showed that performing above the recommended level of resistance exercise frequency and aerobic physical activity is associated with improved health-related quality of life in Korean older adults.

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to compare the relationships between physical activity (measured using an accelerometer vs. self-reported) and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Differences in accelerometry physical activity between 10-minute bouts and total bouts were also compared.METHODS: Data originated from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression was used to predict cardiovascular disease risk from physical activity levels.RESULTS: Self-reported physical activity could not significantly predict the odds of having cardiovascular risk. However, the insufficiently active group classified according to the total-bout physical activity had significantly greater odds of having hypertension or prehypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.00–1.82), diabetes mellitus (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.01–3.19), and dyslipidemia (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.17–2.36) than the highly active group. Regarding the 10-minute bout physical activity, the inactive group had significantly greater odds of having only hypertension or prehypertension (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.02–2.76) than the highly active group.CONCLUSION: Total-bout physical activity measured using an accelerometer could significantly predict the cardiovascular disease risk compared to 10-minute bout physical activity. However, self-reported physical activity could not significantly predict the cardiovascular disease risk.
Accelerometry ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dyslipidemias ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prehypertension ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Self Report

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sedentary behavior measured by accelerometer and cardiovascular disease risk factors from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2015. Methods: The participants included in this study volunteered to wear accelerometer (n=1,407). Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between sedentary time or sedentary breaks and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the relationship. Covariates were sex, age, educational status, alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status, body mass index, calorie intake, physical activity, and accelerometer wear time. Results: The group with the most sedentary time had significantly greater odds of having dyslipidemia (odds ratio, 2.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.54–3.94) compared to the least. There were no other significant relationships between sedentary behavior (sedentary time, sedentary break) and risk factors. Conclusion The only significant relationship found in this study was that between sedentary time and dyslipidemia.

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome. Association of accelerometer and self-reported sedentary time on metabolic syndrome were also compared. Methods: A total of 1,354 adults (men, 492; women, 862), aged 19 to 65 years, who wore the accelerometer from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the analysis. Four subgroups were created based on quartiles of daily sedentary time for analytical purposes. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation. Logistic regression was used to predict the odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the relationship between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome after adjusting for sex, age, education level, family income, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and accelerometer wear time. Results: Accelerometer measured sedentary time displayed stronger associations with the metabolic syndrome than did self-reported sedentary time. When controlling for covariates, participants in the fourth quartile of the accelerometer measured sedentary time predicted the highest odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.18– 3.34). However, participants in the second quartile only of self-reported sedentary time predicted the odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.01– 2.52). Conclusion Sedentary time was related to metabolic syndrome. This relationship tended to be more consistent and stronger for accelerometer measured sedentary time than for self-report. Current results suggest that reducing daily sedentary time may help prevent metabolic syndrome.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of aerobic physical activity and musclestrengthening exercise with mental health, respectively. Furthermore, the relationship between combined exercise with depression, stress, and suicidal thoughts was also examined. Methods: The association between adherence to physical activity guidelines and mental health was analyzed among 27,268 adults who participated in the 2014– 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression was used to predict the relationship between adherence to physical activity guidelines and mental health. Results: The odds ratio for depression and suicidal thoughts in groups that met both aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening exercise guidelines decreased by 27% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56– 0.94) and 40% (95% CI, 0.39– 0.93), respectively, compared to those that did not meet both. Stress awareness decreased by 22% (95% CI, 0.67– 0.90) in those who met muscular exercise guidelines, but did not meet aerobic physical activity guidelines. For those who met only the aerobic physical activity guidelines, stress awareness decreased by 12% (95% CI, 0.82 – 0.95). In addition, the odds ratio decreased by 29% (95% CI, 0.62 – 0.80) in groups that met both guidelines. Conclusion The most positive relationships between adherence to physical activity guidelines and mental health were found when both aerobic and muscular exercise guidelines were met.

The lateral septum (LS) is a forebrain structure that has been implicated in a wide range of behavioral and physiological responses to stress. However, the specific populations of neurons in the LS that mediate stress responses remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that neurons in the dorsal lateral septum (LSd) that express the somatostatin gene (hereafter, LSd Sst neurons) are activated by diverse stressors. Retrograde tracing from LSd Sst neurons revealed that these neurons are directly innervated by neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), the primary source of norepinephrine well-known to mediate diverse stress-related functions in the brain. Consistently, we found that norepinephrine increased excitatory synaptic transmission onto LSd Sst neurons, suggesting the functional connectivity between LSd Sst neurons and LC noradrenergic neurons. However, optogenetic stimulation of LSd Sst neurons did not affect stress-related behaviors or autonomic functions, likely owing to the functional heterogeneity within this population. Together, our findings show that LSd Sst neurons are activated by diverse stressors and suggest that norepinephrine released from the LC may modulate the activity of LSd Sst neurons under stressful circumstances.

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the association between step volume and intensity with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Korean adults. Methods: The study analyzed 2,038 adults from the 2014 to 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, defining MS based on waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols. Step volume and intensity were calculated using average number of steps per day and peak 30-minute cadence, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MS by tertiles of step volume and intensity. A joint analysis was conducted to examine the combined association between step volume and intensity with the prevalence of MS. We divided the participants into nine groups according to their step volume (tertiles) and intensity (tertiles). Results: There were 478 MS cases. Compared to the lowest tertile of volume, the ORs of MS were 1.06 (95% CI, 0.79–1.42) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.47–0.88) in the middle and highest tertile of volume. Compared to the lowest tertile of intensity, the ORs were 1.02 (95% CI, 0.76–1.36) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55–1.01) in the middle and highest tertile of intensity. In the joint analysis, compared to the group with both lowest volume and intensity, the ORs were significantly lower in all groups with the highest volume, except the group with the lowest intensity. Conclusion Although only greater step volume, not intensity, was independently related to MS, both step volume and intensity appear to be important for preventing MS.

Purpose: This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the exercise intervention effects for the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in military personnel. Methods: Among studies that included military personnel as participants, we identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCT studies that used exercise interventions as a method for injury prevention. Exercise encompassed all types of physical activity, and the effect size was determined by the ratio of injuries between groups.Literature searches were conducted with search terms modified to ensure common inclusion of keywords such as “Soldier,” “Injury prevention,” and “Exercise.” For the analysis of potential factors, variables selected for group differentiation included gender, risk of bias, exercise volume, injury location, exercise type, and study design. Results: Among a total of 8,598 search results, 10 papers were finally confirmed. The meta-analysis of all 10 papers showed that there was no statistically significant injury prevention effect, and significant heterogeneity was observed among the studies (incidence rate ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.62–1.09, I2 =83%). Subgroup analysisrevealed a significant 44% reduction in injuries in studies where exercise volume for injury prevention was relatively high. However, no significant injury prevention effects were observed in other potential factors between groups. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the effectiveness of injury prevention exercises in military settings was not statistically significant. However, through the analysis of potential factors, it was confirmed that increasing the time spent on injury prevention exercises may have a preventive effect on injuries.