Background: Evaluation of genetic relationship of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae clones isolated from specimens and different areas throughout analysis of various genes\u2019 sequence, in particularly, housekeeping genes provides the most accurate molecular database to molecular epidemiological surveillance. Objective: To evaluate the genetic relationship of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae clones in Vietnam to some other pathogenic clones throughout analysis of 2 housekeeping genes\u2019 sequence mdh and hlyA. Subject and methods: 2 housekeeping genes, mdh (malate dehydrogenase) and hlyA (hemolysin) were sequenced and submitted to the GeneBank with accession numbers AJ575356 and AJ576090. These sequences were compared with mdh and hlyA sequences from pathogenic strains of sixth and seventh cholera pandemics and from environmental strains. Results and Conclusion: The analysis results by MEGA3.0 software showed that the mdh and hlyA sequences from the pathogenic clones of Vietnam, sixth pandemic and seventh pandemic were rather similar, although having 11-bp deletion in hlyA gene of sixth pandemic clone. The 11-pb deletion in hlyA of the sixth pandemic clone was a characterization that distinguished the classical and El Tor types. Phylogenetic tree were constructed by the neighbor-joining method based on the mdh and hlyA sequences indicated that the Vietnam strain was very closely related to strains of sixth and seventh pandemics (the genetic distance: 0.2%). This evidenct suggested that the pathogenic clone in Vietnam diverged from a common ancestor with the sixth and seventh pandemic clones which had the intact properties of the pathogenic agent. \r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Vibrio cholerae ; housekeeping gene

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study were to examine the need of community care services and the influencing factors of the need in the family care givers of hospital-based home care patients. METHODS: Data were collected from 256 family caregivers, who were recruited from 10 hospitals in a metropolitan city. A structured questionnaire on the characteristics of caregivers, resources, and patients was administered. Also, questions on the need of community care services were added. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors of the need for community care services. RESULTS: The participant needed more transportation service, lease of health care devices, visiting bath, caring, visiting hair dressing than that of housekeeping, short-term care, and day care service. Various variables from the three factors were found to be influenced on the need of community care services. CONCLUSION: The accessibility of the higher need of community care services should be increased for hospital-based home care users. Also, the factors of Family care giver, Resource, and Patient might be considered to provide community care services of hospital-based home care users.
Bandages ; Baths ; Caregivers* ; Day Care, Medical ; Delivery of Health Care ; Hair ; Home Care Services ; Home Care Services, Hospital-Based* ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Transportation ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore how nurses manage the boundary for work-family balance. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews from February 1 to May 28, 2012. Participants were 13 married nurses with children. The constant comparative method was adapted for data analysis. RESULTS: In this study, nurses' work-family boundary management had characteristics of integration, maintenance and control, but it was adjusted and modified over time as the order of priorities was rearranged according to changes in internal cognition and family support. Nurses strategically persuaded their families to understand their work and share housework in an effort to integrate work and family, while controlling them by managing working hours and time for themselves. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that nurses' work has an impact on family life due to heavy workload and insufficient time, however the work-family balance can be successfully maintained with the effective separation of the two areas.
Child ; Cognition ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: This study is to define the structural patterns of gender roles of women as perceived by co-eds. METHOD: Q-methodology was used on 174 statements collected through interviews with women aged between 20 and 50. 38 Q-samples were selected from 330 Q-population. The Q-samples were administered to 29 co-eds. RESULT: Analysis of Q-type obtained by QUANAL program revealed three types of subjectivity in the perception of gender roles. Type 1, role is characterized by the tendency to play down the female gender role and think that women's body is an essential factor in forming the female gender role. Type 2, rejects motherhood image obedience and chastity dictated by male chauvinism. Type 3, shows a tendency to believe that female gender cannot be separated from maternity and that women's basic role is housekeeping. The three types were common in believing in self-development and equal rights through economical independence.
Female ; Gender Identity* ; Housekeeping ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Male

This study provides basic data on how stress impacts the processed convenience foods purchase attitudes and the selection attributes of housewives. The stress consists of 3 factors, which were housework stress, family relation stress and economic stress. The processed convenience food purchase attitude consisted of 2 factors, which were peripheral influence purchase and conviction purchase. The processed convenience food selection attribute consisted of 4 factors, which were quality, convenience, packaging and price. Factor loading confirmation and reliability test were conducted, and the reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all the factors exceeding 0.5. The high stress levels showed significantly high stress factors of housework, family relations and economic stress (P<0.001). The high stress group was shown to make purchases by recognizing peripheral influences (P<0.01). When the selection properties of processed convenience foods depending on different stress levels were examined, it was revealed that among the three groups, the low stress group least considered the price aspect (P<0.01). After deducting the factors, AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) was used to conduct the confirmatory factor analysis for verifying validity. The structural equation model was used to determine the path coefficient. From the processed convenience foods purchase attitude, the peripheral influence purchase had significantly positive (+) effects on convenience (P<0.05). Also, conviction purchase was shown to have significantly positive (+) effects on quality (P<0.05). Housework and family relation stress were shown to have negative (−) effects on processed convenience foods selection attribute, and economic stress was shown to have positive (+) effects, although no significant relationships were revealed.
Family Relations ; Fast Foods ; Gyeonggi-do ; Housekeeping ; Product Packaging ; Seoul

This study was carried out to evaluate meal management behavior of housewives and to improve their behavior by determining what problems exist. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire in Jinju from October to November in 1999. It was shown that 29.1% of housewives didn't plan food budget, whereas only 5.6% of them did. The reasons for not planning food budget were mostly due to not forming a habit(38.8%), irregularity of prices(19.9%) or irregularity of income(13.8%). The characters of planning food budget and the reasons for not planning were not affected by age, education, monthly income, family size or monthly flood cost. Only 17.8% of meal managers recorded their housekeeping in detail and 47.4% of them wrote only the important things. Recording housekeeping records was affected by age and education. It was found that most meal managers(90.8%) didn't set menu planning and they didn't fuel the need for menu planning. The frequency of food shopping was every two days(36.2%), twice a week(20.9%) or randomly(27.4%), and the places for food shopping were supermarket(49.0%) and traditional market(41.3%). Both were affected by education or age. The quality of food was the main reason(54.6%) far the selection of food shopping place. Important consideration for selection of food and meals was preference of family(47.4%) and this character was affected by education. It was shown that the score of nutrition knowledge was 7.36, and it was affected by education. The results of this study suggest that the government, educators and scientists in nutrition make efforts to develop various levels of practical education programs for meal management and nutrition depending on age, education and community using mass media.
Budgets ; Education ; Family Characteristics ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Housekeeping ; Mass Media ; Meals* ; Menu Planning ; Surveys and Questionnaires

INTRODUCTION: In traditional society, the roles of housewives were to do housework, to look after her children and to give her family emotional stability. With rapid social and economic change, the traditional sense of value changes and the concepts of sexual roles, too. However, they are in a transition period yet. These discord and tension followed by role change appeared as the form of psychological instability or social pathological problem in modern family. Thus, this study aimed to avaluate the effect of employment on depression of housewives who play importent roles in family and their commumity. METHODS: From May to July 1996, the questonnaires were distributed to 179 housewives who have university education background(including community college), and have one or more children and live in Bundang-Ku of Sungnam city, making a distinction between working housewives and nonworking housewives. Regarding the subjects of this study, the non-working housewives are restricted to full-time housewives who have no job, and working housewives who have full-time job. As tools of measurement, we used BDI questionnaires consisted of 15 items in Korean. We performed statistical analysis among the data by means of SPSS/PC+. We analyzed statistical data for significance using one-way ANOVA and analyzed categorical data for significance using S-test. RESULTS: The average score on BDI for working housewives was 12.22(standard deviation 7.42) and this is rather higher than that of non-working housewives(10.80, standard deviation : 7.42). But the number of children increased, the BDI score were higher significantly in both groups. And the BDI score was high in working Housewives groups whose husbands had professional job or dommerce job, whose family system is a multi-generation family, and who feel a lot of fatigue after work. In case of non-working housewives, the BDI score was high with age(especially between 50-59), duration of marriage, lower income and Duvalls family life cycle 6, 7. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference in depression tendency between working housewives and nonworking housewives. But in case of working housewives, some factors have influence on their depression tendency, the number of children, husbands job, family type, degree of fatigue after work. And in case of non-working housewives, the factors are the number of children, age, duration of marriage, income, family life cycle.
Child ; Depression* ; Education ; Employment ; Fatigue ; Gyeonggi-do ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Marriage ; Seoul* ; Spouses ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Positional change under the anesthesia may cause marked hypotension, particularly in the critically ill patient. Therefore, positional change must be accomplished slowly and gently, and blood pressure observed throughout the procedure. Basic components for the safe positioning is knowledge, forethought, teamwork and housekeeping. Patients with paraplegia, quadriplegia, or a critical illness may require intravenous vasopressor drug before turning, and the lightest possible level of anesthesia is used. The authors experienced a case of cardiac arrest after changing position of a paraplegic patient under general anesthesia. The patient was resuscitated.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Critical Illness ; Heart Arrest* ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Paraplegia ; Quadriplegia

BACKGROUNDS: Katz index of ADL and Barthel index of ADL have been used to evaluate the function of disabled elderly in Korea. But no ADL scale reflecting Korean's own language expression and culture has been developed and verified yet. METHODS: Descriptions of basic activities which needed others' help were collected from 190 Korean disabled elderly. The collected results were categorized into basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and then in each domain such as bathing, shopping, etc. Preliminary instrument items were selected by the judgement of the expert committee, considering the frequency of the responses and the importance of each item. A preliminary questionnaire was developed based on the selected items. The preliminary questionnaire was pretested twice, and corrected by the results. Finally a scholar on Korean literature verified the questionnaire on the grammar and context. RESULTS: A total of 408 basic activities of daily living and 242 instrumental activities of daily living were collected. The activities were categorized into 7 domains of ADL(dressing, washing face and hand, bathing, eating, transfer, toileting, continence) and 10 domains of IADL(decorating, housework, preparing meals, laundry, outgoing for a short distance, using transportation, shopping, handling money, using telephone, taking medicine) CONCLUSIONS: We developed a Korean Activities of Daily Living(K-ADL) scale and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(K-IADL) scale reflecting Korean elderly's own language expression and culture.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Baths ; Eating ; Hand ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telephone ; Transportation

OBJECTIVES: Discomfort in the upper extremities affects and restricts the daily activities and work of many workers. This study was conducted to apply a standardized tool for identifying musculoskeletal symptoms and measuring how greatly these symptoms affect the performance of workers in small manufacturing industries as well as to analyze the relationships between the socio-demographic characteristics of the workers, the psychosocial factors, and ergonomic risk factors on the one hand and the reported musculoskeletal symptoms and their effects on work performance on the other. METHODS: Workers in small manufacturing companies were asked to self-evaluate musculoskeletal symptoms, restrictions on work performance, and the ergonomic risk in their working environments. A standardized tool (musculoskeletal symptoms table, DASH [Disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand]) was used to evaluate the musculoskeletal symptoms and the restrictions on work performance. RESULTS: 1) The DASH score was significantly higher among women, older workers who had been in that job for a long time, married workers, those with no leisure activities or hobbies, those with long hours of housework, those who had experienced a disease in the past, and those who had had an accident in the past; 2) the DASH score was also significantly higher for those workers who were unsatisfied with their work, who worked hard, who no control over their work, and whose work required heavy equipment, tools, and materials; 3) the DASH score was significantly higher in workers with major ergonomic risk factors; 4) the DASH score was significantly higher among workers with occupational musculoskeletal disease and was distributed as follows, from highest to lowest rates of occurrence; symptoms in the upper arms, difficulty sleeping, difficulty with work, restrictions in daily activities, restrictions in social activities, and difficulties in specific work performance; 5) explanatory power increased in the model with the addition of socio-demographic variables, i.e., in analyses with the DASH total score as the dependent variable and psychosocial factors, ergonomic risk factors, and upper extremity discomfort symptoms as the independent variables. The total explanatory power found a significant effect at 35.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that to enhance the upper extremity performance level of workers in the manufacturing industry, preventive measures should be based on a consideration of ergonomic risk factors, psychosocial factors, and the socio-demographic characterisitics of the individual workers.
Arm ; Female ; Hand ; Hobbies ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Risk Factors ; Shoulder ; Upper Extremity