Background: Evaluation of genetic relationship of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae clones isolated from specimens and different areas throughout analysis of various genes\u2019 sequence, in particularly, housekeeping genes provides the most accurate molecular database to molecular epidemiological surveillance. Objective: To evaluate the genetic relationship of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae clones in Vietnam to some other pathogenic clones throughout analysis of 2 housekeeping genes\u2019 sequence mdh and hlyA. Subject and methods: 2 housekeeping genes, mdh (malate dehydrogenase) and hlyA (hemolysin) were sequenced and submitted to the GeneBank with accession numbers AJ575356 and AJ576090. These sequences were compared with mdh and hlyA sequences from pathogenic strains of sixth and seventh cholera pandemics and from environmental strains. Results and Conclusion: The analysis results by MEGA3.0 software showed that the mdh and hlyA sequences from the pathogenic clones of Vietnam, sixth pandemic and seventh pandemic were rather similar, although having 11-bp deletion in hlyA gene of sixth pandemic clone. The 11-pb deletion in hlyA of the sixth pandemic clone was a characterization that distinguished the classical and El Tor types. Phylogenetic tree were constructed by the neighbor-joining method based on the mdh and hlyA sequences indicated that the Vietnam strain was very closely related to strains of sixth and seventh pandemics (the genetic distance: 0.2%). This evidenct suggested that the pathogenic clone in Vietnam diverged from a common ancestor with the sixth and seventh pandemic clones which had the intact properties of the pathogenic agent. \r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Vibrio cholerae ; housekeeping gene

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore how nurses manage the boundary for work-family balance. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews from February 1 to May 28, 2012. Participants were 13 married nurses with children. The constant comparative method was adapted for data analysis. RESULTS: In this study, nurses' work-family boundary management had characteristics of integration, maintenance and control, but it was adjusted and modified over time as the order of priorities was rearranged according to changes in internal cognition and family support. Nurses strategically persuaded their families to understand their work and share housework in an effort to integrate work and family, while controlling them by managing working hours and time for themselves. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that nurses' work has an impact on family life due to heavy workload and insufficient time, however the work-family balance can be successfully maintained with the effective separation of the two areas.
Child ; Cognition ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: This study is to define the structural patterns of gender roles of women as perceived by co-eds. METHOD: Q-methodology was used on 174 statements collected through interviews with women aged between 20 and 50. 38 Q-samples were selected from 330 Q-population. The Q-samples were administered to 29 co-eds. RESULT: Analysis of Q-type obtained by QUANAL program revealed three types of subjectivity in the perception of gender roles. Type 1, role is characterized by the tendency to play down the female gender role and think that women's body is an essential factor in forming the female gender role. Type 2, rejects motherhood image obedience and chastity dictated by male chauvinism. Type 3, shows a tendency to believe that female gender cannot be separated from maternity and that women's basic role is housekeeping. The three types were common in believing in self-development and equal rights through economical independence.
Female ; Gender Identity* ; Housekeeping ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Male

This study provides basic data on how stress impacts the processed convenience foods purchase attitudes and the selection attributes of housewives. The stress consists of 3 factors, which were housework stress, family relation stress and economic stress. The processed convenience food purchase attitude consisted of 2 factors, which were peripheral influence purchase and conviction purchase. The processed convenience food selection attribute consisted of 4 factors, which were quality, convenience, packaging and price. Factor loading confirmation and reliability test were conducted, and the reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all the factors exceeding 0.5. The high stress levels showed significantly high stress factors of housework, family relations and economic stress (P<0.001). The high stress group was shown to make purchases by recognizing peripheral influences (P<0.01). When the selection properties of processed convenience foods depending on different stress levels were examined, it was revealed that among the three groups, the low stress group least considered the price aspect (P<0.01). After deducting the factors, AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) was used to conduct the confirmatory factor analysis for verifying validity. The structural equation model was used to determine the path coefficient. From the processed convenience foods purchase attitude, the peripheral influence purchase had significantly positive (+) effects on convenience (P<0.05). Also, conviction purchase was shown to have significantly positive (+) effects on quality (P<0.05). Housework and family relation stress were shown to have negative (−) effects on processed convenience foods selection attribute, and economic stress was shown to have positive (+) effects, although no significant relationships were revealed.
Family Relations ; Fast Foods ; Gyeonggi-do ; Housekeeping ; Product Packaging ; Seoul

Positional change under the anesthesia may cause marked hypotension, particularly in the critically ill patient. Therefore, positional change must be accomplished slowly and gently, and blood pressure observed throughout the procedure. Basic components for the safe positioning is knowledge, forethought, teamwork and housekeeping. Patients with paraplegia, quadriplegia, or a critical illness may require intravenous vasopressor drug before turning, and the lightest possible level of anesthesia is used. The authors experienced a case of cardiac arrest after changing position of a paraplegic patient under general anesthesia. The patient was resuscitated.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Critical Illness ; Heart Arrest* ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Paraplegia ; Quadriplegia

BACKGROUNDS: Katz index of ADL and Barthel index of ADL have been used to evaluate the function of disabled elderly in Korea. But no ADL scale reflecting Korean's own language expression and culture has been developed and verified yet. METHODS: Descriptions of basic activities which needed others' help were collected from 190 Korean disabled elderly. The collected results were categorized into basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and then in each domain such as bathing, shopping, etc. Preliminary instrument items were selected by the judgement of the expert committee, considering the frequency of the responses and the importance of each item. A preliminary questionnaire was developed based on the selected items. The preliminary questionnaire was pretested twice, and corrected by the results. Finally a scholar on Korean literature verified the questionnaire on the grammar and context. RESULTS: A total of 408 basic activities of daily living and 242 instrumental activities of daily living were collected. The activities were categorized into 7 domains of ADL(dressing, washing face and hand, bathing, eating, transfer, toileting, continence) and 10 domains of IADL(decorating, housework, preparing meals, laundry, outgoing for a short distance, using transportation, shopping, handling money, using telephone, taking medicine) CONCLUSIONS: We developed a Korean Activities of Daily Living(K-ADL) scale and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(K-IADL) scale reflecting Korean elderly's own language expression and culture.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Baths ; Eating ; Hand ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telephone ; Transportation

OBJECTIVES: Coexistence of depression is one of the important behavioral symptoms in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. The study on the relationship between depression and cognitive abilities and/or functional abilities emerges as very important one. The aim of this study was to investigate whether depression is related to the impairment of daily activities and to certain areas of cognitive function in mild to moderate dementia of Alzheimer type. METHODS: In this study, 48 patients with dementia of Alzheimer type among elderly community-residents in Kwangju, Kyunggi province, aged 65 and older, were finally included. We examined their demographics and administered Korean Version of the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K), Korean Version of the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination(Korean version of NCSE), Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale(KGDS), Activities of Daily Living(ADL), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(IADL) to the subjects. We classified the subjects into two groups, dementia with and without depression on the basis of KGDS scores. The two groups were compared using X2 test and independent ttest. RESULTS: The results show that the two groups did not differ in sex, age, education, and scores of MMSE-K. The depressed dementia group showed significantly poorer performance in bathing, one item of ADL, than the nondepressed dementia group. The depressed dementia group showed significantly more impairment in total scores of IADL and each score of three items(shopping, housework, handling finances) than the non-depressed dementia group. However, the two groups showed no significant differences in five major cognitive ability areas of Korean version of NCSE. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that depression in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type is highly related to the functional impairments, instrumental activities of daily living and part of activities of daily living, beyond the effects of cognitive impairments.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Aged ; Baths ; Behavioral Symptoms ; Dementia ; Demography ; Depression* ; Education ; Gwangju ; Gyeonggi-do ; Housekeeping ; Humans

PURPOSE: The main purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe parenting stress and needs of mothers of children with atopic dermatitis. METHOD: Data were collected from 111 mothers of children under 6 year-old with atopic dermatitis registered at one university affiliated medical center in Seoul. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, Parenting Stress Index (PSI) Short Form by Abidin, and an open question to identify nursing needs. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation and contents analyses were done. RESULT: The mean score for parenting stress was 77.25 (range: 12-60), for parent domain 31.50 (range: 12-60), Parent-Child domain 21.02 (range: 11-55) and child domain was 24.72 (range: 11-51). There was a significant positive relationship between parenting stress and severity of symptom (r=0.192, p<.005). The maternal stressors included extra housework related to symptom management, treatment related to atopic dermatitis, personality and behavior of child, and financial problems. CONCLUSION: the mothers of children with atopic dermatitis have high parenting stress from various stressors and needs. It is recommended that nursing interventions should include stress management and take into consideration the educational needs of mothers.
Child* ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Seoul ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: Discomfort in the upper extremities affects and restricts the daily activities and work of many workers. This study was conducted to apply a standardized tool for identifying musculoskeletal symptoms and measuring how greatly these symptoms affect the performance of workers in small manufacturing industries as well as to analyze the relationships between the socio-demographic characteristics of the workers, the psychosocial factors, and ergonomic risk factors on the one hand and the reported musculoskeletal symptoms and their effects on work performance on the other. METHODS: Workers in small manufacturing companies were asked to self-evaluate musculoskeletal symptoms, restrictions on work performance, and the ergonomic risk in their working environments. A standardized tool (musculoskeletal symptoms table, DASH [Disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand]) was used to evaluate the musculoskeletal symptoms and the restrictions on work performance. RESULTS: 1) The DASH score was significantly higher among women, older workers who had been in that job for a long time, married workers, those with no leisure activities or hobbies, those with long hours of housework, those who had experienced a disease in the past, and those who had had an accident in the past; 2) the DASH score was also significantly higher for those workers who were unsatisfied with their work, who worked hard, who no control over their work, and whose work required heavy equipment, tools, and materials; 3) the DASH score was significantly higher in workers with major ergonomic risk factors; 4) the DASH score was significantly higher among workers with occupational musculoskeletal disease and was distributed as follows, from highest to lowest rates of occurrence; symptoms in the upper arms, difficulty sleeping, difficulty with work, restrictions in daily activities, restrictions in social activities, and difficulties in specific work performance; 5) explanatory power increased in the model with the addition of socio-demographic variables, i.e., in analyses with the DASH total score as the dependent variable and psychosocial factors, ergonomic risk factors, and upper extremity discomfort symptoms as the independent variables. The total explanatory power found a significant effect at 35.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that to enhance the upper extremity performance level of workers in the manufacturing industry, preventive measures should be based on a consideration of ergonomic risk factors, psychosocial factors, and the socio-demographic characterisitics of the individual workers.
Arm ; Female ; Hand ; Hobbies ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Risk Factors ; Shoulder ; Upper Extremity

OBJECTIVES: Discomfort in the upper extremities affects and restricts the daily activities and work of many workers. This study was conducted to apply a standardized tool for identifying musculoskeletal symptoms and measuring how greatly these symptoms affect the performance of workers in small manufacturing industries as well as to analyze the relationships between the socio-demographic characteristics of the workers, the psychosocial factors, and ergonomic risk factors on the one hand and the reported musculoskeletal symptoms and their effects on work performance on the other. METHODS: Workers in small manufacturing companies were asked to self-evaluate musculoskeletal symptoms, restrictions on work performance, and the ergonomic risk in their working environments. A standardized tool (musculoskeletal symptoms table, DASH [Disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand]) was used to evaluate the musculoskeletal symptoms and the restrictions on work performance. RESULTS: 1) The DASH score was significantly higher among women, older workers who had been in that job for a long time, married workers, those with no leisure activities or hobbies, those with long hours of housework, those who had experienced a disease in the past, and those who had had an accident in the past; 2) the DASH score was also significantly higher for those workers who were unsatisfied with their work, who worked hard, who no control over their work, and whose work required heavy equipment, tools, and materials; 3) the DASH score was significantly higher in workers with major ergonomic risk factors; 4) the DASH score was significantly higher among workers with occupational musculoskeletal disease and was distributed as follows, from highest to lowest rates of occurrence; symptoms in the upper arms, difficulty sleeping, difficulty with work, restrictions in daily activities, restrictions in social activities, and difficulties in specific work performance; 5) explanatory power increased in the model with the addition of socio-demographic variables, i.e., in analyses with the DASH total score as the dependent variable and psychosocial factors, ergonomic risk factors, and upper extremity discomfort symptoms as the independent variables. The total explanatory power found a significant effect at 35.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that to enhance the upper extremity performance level of workers in the manufacturing industry, preventive measures should be based on a consideration of ergonomic risk factors, psychosocial factors, and the socio-demographic characterisitics of the individual workers.
Arm ; Female ; Hand ; Hobbies ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Risk Factors ; Shoulder ; Upper Extremity