AIM: To study the quality standard of Compound Shencha Granuls (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, Radix Rehmanniae, etc.). METHODS: Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae and Rhizoma et Radix Polygoni Cuspidati in Compound Shencha Granule were distinguished by TLC. Ursolic acid was determinated by TLCS. RESULTS: The methods of TLC to distinguish Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae and Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati were feasible without negative inference. Ursolic acid content in three groups of samples was 1.24 - 1.58 mg?g -1 . CONCLUSION: The method is accurate and reproducible. It can be used for the quality control of Compound Shencha Granule.

AIM: To detect the total amount of heavy metals and the content of Pb,Cd,Hg in Yuanhuzhitong Tablets (Rhizoua Corydalis. Radix Angelicae Dahuricae). METHODS:The method of detecting the total amount of heavy metals in Volume 1 of 2000 China Pharmacopoeia and the methods of analyzing the content of Pb,Cd,Hg in Import and Export Agriculture Standard of Medical Plants and Pharmacentical issued by Economic Cooperation Department of Import and Export Bureau were discussed. RESULTS : The total amount of heavy metals is in the limit of the standard and amount of Pb、Cd、Hg is overproof to varying degrees. CONCLUSION :Because the standard of total heavy metals can not quarantee the quality of Chinese drugs,so we should establish available method to limit the amount of poisonous elements Pb、Cd、Hg.

Objective To investigate the serum and placental expressions of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and nitric oxide(NO) in fetal growth restriction (FGR),and explore the biological role and mechanisms of ADMA in FGR.Methods Fifty patients with FGR (FGR group)and 50 normal term pregnant women (control group) were detected for the levels of ADMA in maternal sera and placentas with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The level of NO in maternal sera was analyzed with nitrate reductase method,and the placental tissue sections were analyzed with pathological morphologly.Results For FGR group,the main pathological changes were growth retardation of villi,increased syncytiotrophoblast nodules,and the lack terminal villi;and the incidence rate of pathological change of placental tissue was significantly higher than that in control group [64.0％ (32/50) vs 12.0％ (6/50),x2 =7.90,P ＜ 0.01].For the placental pathological change group,the concentrations of ADMA in the placentas and sera were significantly higher than the normal group [placenta ADMA:(2.21 ± 0.72) μmol/L vs (1.69 ± 0.77) μmol/L,t =3.33,P ＜ 0.01;serum ADMA:(2.01 ± 0.70) μmoL/L vs (1.18 ± 0.54) μmol/L,t =6.66,P ＜0.01].The expression of ADMA was up-regulated in maternal sera and placentas from FGR group compared to normal pregnancy [placenta ADMA (2.24 ± 0.81) μmol/L vs (1.53 ± 0.59) μmol/L,t =5.00,P ＜0.01;serum ADMA (1.89 ±0.75) μmol/L vs (1.10 ±0.43) μ mol/L,t =6.45,P ＜ 0.O1].The NO was extremely lower expressed in maternal sera with FGR than normal pregnancy [(39.59 ± 9.15) μmol/L vs (58.02 ± 15.45) μmol/L t =-7.26,P ＜ 0.01)].For FGR group,a significant negative correlation was observed between ADMA and NO expressions in sera (r =-0.693,P ＜ 0.01).Conelusions ADMA was associated with the occurrence and development of the FGR,and its mechanism maybe inhibits NO synthesis to result in placental malperfusion.

Objective To examine the prevalence of and risk factors for syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 16 cities/districts, 6 provinces in China. Methods Based on a previous survey on the entertainment place and population size of MSM, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007 using non-probability sampling method among MSM in 16 cities/districts in China.Information about the demography,risk behavior and syphilis infection was collected through questionnaires from MSM. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate independent factors associated with syphilis. Results A total of 4211 participants were recruited. The mean age of these participants was 28 years. Among them, 66.7% were self identified as homosexual, 72.5% were unmarried, and 76.4% had an education beyond senior middle school; in the past 6 months, 8.7% had sexual contact with more than 10 male sex partners, 5.6% had ever paid for male sex service, 11.3% had provided commercial sex service to males, and 18.9% had sexual contact with females, while condom was consistently used in only 36.3% of male-to-male anal sexual behavior. Syphilis was diagnosed in 10.6% of these participants. The risk factors independently associated with syphilis included being older than 25 years (adjusted OR = 1.7; 95% CI:1.3-2.0), local residency (adjusted OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0-1.7), being recruited from a bar or a park (adjusted OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7), having ever paid for a male sex service(adjusted OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.1),inconsistent condom use during male-to-male anal sexual behavior(adjusted OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0-1.5 ), self reported sexually transmitted infection history (adjusted OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0-1.7). Conclusions There is a high prevalence of syphilis in MSM in the 16 Chinese cities where male-to-male commercial sex service and unsafe sexual behavior are common. Further efforts are urgently needed to scale-up the prevention of and treatment program for syphilis among MSM, which should include syphilis and HIV screening as well as education on the use of condom.

Decoction is one of the most commonly used dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicine. The stability of chemical constituents in decoction is closely related to the clinical efficacy and safety. There were few reports about the influence of metal ions in the stability of chemical constituents in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there is no evidence that metal ions in decoction water need to be controlled. In this study, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), one of the main constituents in Polygoni Multiflori Radix was studied. Ordinary tap water, deionized water, and water containing different metal ions were used to investigate and compare the influence on THSG. The results showed that after storage in a dark place at the room temperature for 10 days, the degradation of THSG was 7% in deionized water, while undetectable in tap water. The content of THSG could be decreased by different kinds of metal ions, and the effect was concentration-dependent. Moreover, Fe3+ and Fe2+ showed the greatest influence at the same concentration; and our study has shown that THSG decreased more than 98% in Fe and Fe2+ solutions at 500 ppm concentration. In the same time we found out p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (molecular weight: 122.036 7) and 2,3,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde-2-O-glycoside (molecular weight: 316.079 4) were the main degradation products of THSG in tap water and water containing Cu2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ and Al3+. The product of THSG dimer with a water molecule was found in water containing Fe3+ and Fe2+. The above results showed that the metal ions in water could significantly influence the stability of THSG in water, indicating that the clinical efficacy and safety of decoction would be affected if the metal ions in water were not under control. It's suggested that deionized water should be used in the preparation of decoction containing Polygoni Multiflori Radix in the clinic to avoid degradation of THSG. Meanwhile, decoction prepared by tap water should be taken by patients in a short time. Our investigation provides important information and reference about the influence of metal ions on the stability of decoctions in other traditional Chinese medicine that have unstable groups such as hydroxyls and unsaturated bonds, etc.

Objective: To analyze timeline of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS from 2010 to 2014, as well as influencing factors. Methods: Data from the Chinese HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System was used to collect newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014. Inclusion criteria of HIV/AIDS were confirmed cases and clinically diagnosed HIV positive, Chinese mainland cases, 14 years old and above, the first CD4⁺T lymphocyte ≤350 cells/μl in the follow up period. A total of 177 971 HIV/AIDS cases were included in this study. The general demographic characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity, education, occupation, etc.), infection routes, sample sources, CD4⁺T lymphocyte level and other information were collected from the database. Chi square test was used to analyze univariate factor of the timeliness of ART initiation. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze potential factors associated with timeliness of ART initiation. Results: Out of the 17 7971 cases, 130 679 (73.4%) were males. The proportion of the timeliness of ART initiation was 55% (97 915). The proportion of timeline of ART within 15 d increased from 26.4% (4 319/16 388) in 2010 to 39.7% (20 212/50 889) in 2014. The highest proportion was in the group of patients infected by illegal blood (plasma) donation, which was 38% (945). The proportion of timeline of ART within 30 d increased from 43.2% (7 077/16 388) in 2010 to 63% (32 070/50 889) in 2014.The highest proportion was in the group of patients infected by heterosexual transmission, which was 58.3% (73 098). Multivariate logistic regression analysis on timeliness of ART showed that the factors of timeliness of ART initiation of HIV/AIDS as follow. The possibility of timeliness of ART among patients who were female, education of junior high school and above, ethnic group of Han, farmers, married were higher, with OR values at 1.08, 1.09, 1.13, 1.05 and 1.12. The possibilities of timeliness of ART in group of patients aging 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and ≥55 years old were higher than that of the group of patients aging 15-24 years old, with OR values at 1.13, 1.31, 1.46 and 1.51, respectively. The possibilities of timeliness of ART among the homosexuals, injection drug use and sexual contact plus injection drug use cases were lower than that of the heterosexuals, with OR values at 0.86, 0.59 and 0.72, respectively. The possibilities of timeliness of ART among patients whose HIV diagnosis from hospitals and detention centers were lower than that of patients whose HIV diagnosis from volunteer testing and counseling, with OR values at separately 0.90 and 0.29. The possibilities of timeliness of ART among patients whose CD4⁺T lymphocyte at 50-99, 100-199, 200-350 cells/μl were lower than that of the patients whose CD4⁺T lymphocyte count at 0-49 cells/μl, with OR values at 0.84, 0.64 and 0.40, respectively. All the P values above was<0.05. Conclusion The proportion of timeliness of ART increased annually from 2010 to 2014. Those who were men, unmarried or divorced, at younger age, injection drug use, diagnosis from hospitals and detention centers and high CD4⁺T lymphocyte levels were related to the timeliness of ART.

Objective: To analyze first follow-up and CD₄⁺ T (CD₄) cell count test of newly reported students HIV cases in China from 2013 to 2017. Methods: Data were collected from both Case Reporting Cards and Follow-up Cards from China Information System for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention between 1^st January 2013 and 31^st December 2017. The inclusion criteria are 15-24 years old students who were newly diagnosed with HIV infection. Logistic regression model was used to analyze relevant factors of the first CD₄ test results less than 200 CD₄ cells/μl. Results: There were 12 037 newly diagnosed students HIV cases from 2013 to 2017. Most cases were male (97.7%), 19-22 years old (65.1%) and Han ethnicity (90.5%). At the time of diagnosis, the route of HIV infection was most frequently homosexual contact (82.2%). The majority of cases (46.9%) were diagnosed at HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) location. About 2 465 (20.6%) students had unprotected intercourse in the past 3 months, of which 1 387 (56.8%) had 1 sexual partner, 610 (25.0%) with 2 sexual partners, 273 (11.2%) with 3 partners and 170 (7.0%) with more than 4 partners. 11.0% and 28.9% of cases had initial CD₄ counts less than 200 cells/μl and 200-349 cells/μl. Compared to the male, younger than 18 years old and diagnosed at VCT location, female (OR=2.09, 95%CI: 1.51-2.89), aged 21 to 22 years (OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.06-1.47), diagnosed in hospital settings (OR=2.20, 95%CI: 1.89-2.57) and preoperative testing (OR=1.36, 95%CI: 1.07-1.73) had greater proportion of the first CD₄ test result less than 200 CD₄ cells/μl. Conclusion The number of newly diagnosed students HIV cases significantly increased in past 5 years, and the proportion of late diagnosis was high. Female, aged 21 to 22 years, diagnosed in hospital settings and preoperative testing were related to the first CD₄ test result less than 200 CD₄ cells/μl.

OBJECTIVETo research the effects of moschus, borneol, styrax and benzoinum on the structure and function of blood brain barrier in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model rats.

METHODFocal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was introduced as an in vivo ischemic model in rats. After 2 h MCAO, nylon suture was pulled up 1 cm to give blood reperfusion. After 22 h reperfusion, all animals were decapitated. The ultramicrostructure of blood brain barrier of ischemia hemisphere side in fronto-parietal cortex region by transmission electron microscope, and the content of VEGF and MMP-9 in ischemia side brain tissue were measured by ELISA.

RESULTIn model and solvent group rats, the capillary endothelium cells, astro-glial cells and nerve cells in ischemia hemisphere side in fronto-parietal region were emerged in different degree compared with sham-operated groups, which exhibited tight junction between endothelial cells being opened, basal lamina being dissolved, and permeability increasing, and cellularedema. In borneol (0.2 g x kg(-1)) group rats, the structure of three kinds of cells were nearly normal, which tight junction structure was clear, rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosome could be found in cytoplasm. In moschus (66.6 mg x kg(-1)) group rats, the structure of capillary endothelium cells and astrocytes were nearly normal as well as the basal lamina, but the electrons in neurons was maldistribution. In styrax (1.332 g x kg(-1)) group rats, astrocytes were nearly normal, while capillary endothelial cells and neurons exhibited oedema in different degrees. And the basal lamina was discontinuous, augmentation of cell spaces in endothelial cells increased the permeability, some endoplasmic reticulum broadened and ribosome ablated. In benzoinum (1.0 g x kg(-1)) group rats, oedema of capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes was significant, basal lamina broke. Meanwhile endoplasmic reticulum broadened as vacuole, the number of ribosome in rough endoplasmic reticulum decreased, crista mitochondriales in some neurons disappeared as vacuole which hint oedema happened. Results also showed that borneol decrease the level of VEGF in ischemia side brain tissue significantly, while has little influence on the level of MMP-9. Moschus showed the tendency to decrease the level of VEGF and MMP-9 in ischemia side brain tissue.

CONCLUSIONAromatic resuscitation drugs showed the protection effect on blood brain barrier in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury rats, which the protection effect of moschus and borneol were better than that of styrax and benzoinum. The mechanism of protection effect maybe related to decrease the level of VEGF and MMP-9.

Animals ; Benzoin ; pharmacology ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; drug effects ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Bornanes ; pharmacology ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated ; pharmacology ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Styrax ; chemistry ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; drug effects ; metabolism

Objective This article endeavors to describe the key indicators of follow-up services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in China from 2008 to 2014.Methods All data were extracted from the National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS database and cleaned,based on three key indicators (proportion of follow-up of PLWHA,CD4 testing of PLWHA and HIV antibody testing of PLWHA' s spouse or partner) defined and developed by the National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention for case management.Both key indicators were analyzed and comparisons were performed annually from 2008 through 2014.Results The proportion of follow-up of PLWHA increased from 55.7％ to 94.7％ and the proportion ofPLWHA's CD4 testing increased from 48.4％ to 88.3％.The proportion of HIV antibody testing among PLWHA' s spouse or partner increased from 48.3％ to 91.1％,during this period.The three indicators showed an yearly significant increase (intervention:x2 =180 466.733,P＜ 0.01;CD4:x2 =35 982.374,P＜ 0.01;partner testing:x2 =43108.270,P＜0.01).PLWHA with a history of injecting drug use (IDU),incarceration,as well as unknown infection route appeared significant lower proportion through the follow-up services.Conclusion Both follow-up services and the chosen key indicators set for PLWHA showed dramatic improvement but called for further reinforcement.Information that had been collected from cases when initial diagnosis was made,appeared vital during the follow-up services.